MCP Certification or more precisely Microsoft Certified Professional Certification refers to all of the Microsoft approved certifications provided worldwide. In this era of high competition in corporate sectors having a MCP certification at your reach will definitely boost up your chance of getting a well paid job even in this limited and recession affected world. Microsoft is one of the most distinguishable and is at the top position when it comes to IT companies and global marketing. Having a certification from one such top company can not only assure you but guarantee you of a well paid, respected professional IT job.
Recently Microsoft has launched a new three tier certification procedure. It consists of three series and four credentials with the introduction of basic technology series consisting of a credential of "Technology Specialist" accompanying with a Professional series composing of IT professional credential and a third tier of Master series comprising of Master Credentials. The MCP Certification provides multiple certifications. The current available certifications include MCTS, Microsoft certified technology specialists, MCPD, and Microsoft certified Professional Developer and many more. Some of the most popular previous generation credential includes Microsoft Certified System Engineer (MCSE), Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) and many others. The certification exam costs about $125 USD. The time duration of the exam is between two to three hours. It generally consists of forty five and ninety multiple choice questions. The tests comprises of solution building questions where it required from the applicant to perform some simple administrative tasks for the topic.
If you successfully clear the exam, you will be awarded with a valuable MCP Certification which will help you make the recruiters run for you. About the study guides, it is highly recommended not to go for any tedious books. If you want to take steady and tough training for the MCP Certification, go for the online virtual MCP Practice engine provided by Pass4sure. You will get all the required materials for the subject, guaranteed to offer you success at very first attempt with money refund option if you fail. These online test series will help you sharpening your strengths and at the same time clearing your doubts giving you a wider understanding of the subject.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Microsoft certified database administration certification
Microsoft certified database administration certification is awarded by Microsoft, one of the leading companies in the information technology field. A successful IT professional can stay for a longer time as well as get promoted in the information technology only if special certifications are persuaded. So, based on the opportunities and fast career growth, many professionals including freshers have started learning these certification programs in advance. One of the advanced certification issued by Microsoft is MCDBA certification. This opportunity from Microsoft was released during the year 1998 to all the IT professionals and even to the freshers.
Training process of MCDBA:
It is not possible for the professionals in obtaining this certification without going for proper training. It is definitely an extra work to those professionals but it will definitely pay off for sure after completing the program. The training program is just making the candidates to get the eligible scaled points in the three written examinations and also one elective examination that can be selected by the candidates from the lists.Training is very important aspect for obtaining the MCDBA certification. Experts are handling the training program in Microsoft training centers itself. It is recommended for the candidates to attend the training programs by making their schedule permitting for that. However, in some cases, professionals who are working for multinational companies cannot make their schedule in attending training programs. For those professionals, online center option is available and they can get trained without affecting their jobs. It is recommended to the professionals to take part quality training in Microsoft website itself. In case, if any other training centers are available, then the candidates have to make sure in getting the records of past experiences from the centers.
The following are the benefits of the MCP certification to the candidates who hold their certification. They are:1) In business enterprises, most widely used products are the Microsoft products and MCDBA certification will prove the expertise on the latest technologies of the Microsoft products.
2) Candidates who are holding their certification will be given first priority and also in promotion level criteria.
3) Generally, MCDBA certified candidates are hired easily as well as quickly as soon as they complete their certification. They are paid with more salary as well.
Training process of MCDBA:
It is not possible for the professionals in obtaining this certification without going for proper training. It is definitely an extra work to those professionals but it will definitely pay off for sure after completing the program. The training program is just making the candidates to get the eligible scaled points in the three written examinations and also one elective examination that can be selected by the candidates from the lists.Training is very important aspect for obtaining the MCDBA certification. Experts are handling the training program in Microsoft training centers itself. It is recommended for the candidates to attend the training programs by making their schedule permitting for that. However, in some cases, professionals who are working for multinational companies cannot make their schedule in attending training programs. For those professionals, online center option is available and they can get trained without affecting their jobs. It is recommended to the professionals to take part quality training in Microsoft website itself. In case, if any other training centers are available, then the candidates have to make sure in getting the records of past experiences from the centers.
The following are the benefits of the MCP certification to the candidates who hold their certification. They are:1) In business enterprises, most widely used products are the Microsoft products and MCDBA certification will prove the expertise on the latest technologies of the Microsoft products.
2) Candidates who are holding their certification will be given first priority and also in promotion level criteria.
3) Generally, MCDBA certified candidates are hired easily as well as quickly as soon as they complete their certification. They are paid with more salary as well.
how to repair your computer from your home
It is important to know a little about computer repair or virus removal. Students have been known to spend thousands upon thousands of dollars at schools and universities to be able to do it, but that is not necessary. Some are self-taught, but that does not mean they will know everything there is to know about some problems or situations. Computer repair training is very crucial because the majority of households will have a computer or laptop and will need to be serviced in some form or fashion down the road.
There are programs and software that are available for download and purchase that combine years of computer repair courses. After completion of these courses, you will understand the terms that you most commonly hear and diagnose the problem and remove it from the computer.
A glorious aspect about computer repair training is that you can use the knowledge for yourself or you can use it to open up a business. Many people need their computers fixed and it is a very profitable business to get into. All aspects of the computer are covered. You will have exercises to work with so you can see whether you are doing it the right way.
Regardless of the computer or operating system you are using, viruses and registry issues will always be there. To be able to properly diagnose and get rid of the issues on your own computer can save you thousands of dollars over the course of your computer.With the program or software you can take the courses at your own pace. You can move on when you are most comfortable, not at the pace of a professor or instructor.
There are programs and software that are available for download and purchase that combine years of computer repair courses. After completion of these courses, you will understand the terms that you most commonly hear and diagnose the problem and remove it from the computer.
A glorious aspect about computer repair training is that you can use the knowledge for yourself or you can use it to open up a business. Many people need their computers fixed and it is a very profitable business to get into. All aspects of the computer are covered. You will have exercises to work with so you can see whether you are doing it the right way.
Regardless of the computer or operating system you are using, viruses and registry issues will always be there. To be able to properly diagnose and get rid of the issues on your own computer can save you thousands of dollars over the course of your computer.With the program or software you can take the courses at your own pace. You can move on when you are most comfortable, not at the pace of a professor or instructor.
Eligibility Criteria For PMP Certification
PMP can be said as project management professional. This certification is one of the popular certifications in the information technology field. This certification validates the knowledge and skills that are required for directing, leading of the projects team and also in delivering the project results in a prompt way as well in a timely manner.PMP certification requirements: (Any one is applicable for eligibility):In order to obtain PMP certification, candidate needs to have certain eligibility for obtaining the certification. They are:1) High school diploma certificate or equivalent certificate and approximately 5 years of work experience in project management as well as 35 hours of education in project management.2) Bachelor degree or any equivalent degree certificate in any field and at least 3 years experience in project management as well as 35 hours of education in project management.Candidates have to take up an examination in order to obtain the certification. Exam is up to 4 hours duration with approximately 200 questions. Candidates have to note that there is a nominal fee for writing the examination. Exam fee costs up to 550 USD approximately and the fee is subject to change due to local taxes as well as in exchange rate (applicable only for international candidates applying for the examination). Candidates who successfully take up the examination will be certified their certification and also they get placed in various companies.Job roles for PMP certification:Job role is that a candidate can become a leader for a particular project team and also be responsible for delivering the project in quality as well as in a timely manner.Benefits for PMP certification:The following are the benefits of PMP certification and they are as follows.1) Certified candidates will take up the responsibilities of project management 2) Credentials of PMP certifications leads to high pay job 3) Credentials of PMP certificate will reflect the achievement 4) Credentials of PMP certifications will lead for great responsibilities in jobs 5) Credentials of PMP certification will improve the candidates knowledge as well as skills 6) It also maintains ISO 17024 accreditation and also enhances the job professions.
You Can Pass Microsoft Certification Tests Without Spending a Lot of Money
Are you thinking about taking Microsoft certification?If you are currently in a dead end job that you hate then this may be something that you will want to look into. Your chance for advancement in your current job will certainly be improved by getting certified.Whether you like it or not Microsoft certification is becoming a must if you want to get ahead.If you are successful and pass the certification exams this will mean that you are qualified for certain technical jobs that you would be unable to get without passing the exams.All of this may sounds well and good but you are probably wondering just how will I get myself ready to pass these exams. I am sure you have heard they are not all that easy to pass.While you have a lot of choices when it comes to studying for your examination, it is hard to know what the right path is for you.Think about it, you have to decide whether to do a search on Google for free sample exams or to enroll in a costly online class. Just looking at all of the possibilities can make your head spin.I realize that the exams are both stressful and can cost you a lot of money so to help you get prepared there is one way that can get you up to speed without taking every penny you have.We are going to study from Microsoft certification books.It won't cost you a lot of money; simply take a trip to your local bookstore and you will find a ton of choices. There will be everything from Microsoft certification books targeted to newcomers to stuff that is so advanced you will not believe it.The information is there and all you have to do is go get it. Master the content of Microsoft certification books and you will be well on your way to passing that Microsoft certification test.
Microsoft Certified Master program certification
Microsoft Certified Master program certification or MCM as it is commonly known is a high level technical certification from Microsoft which certifies the technical expertise and skills of senior level experienced IT professionals on various Microsoft server products, and also it serves as the pre-requisite for the Architect series of certifications. Currently there are five variations to the Microsoft certified master certifications which are: Microsoft Exchange server 2007, Microsoft SQL server 2008, Windows server 2008, Microsoft office share point server 2007 and lastly Microsoft office communications server 2007. This program is quite a new program from Microsoft, especially meant for seasoned IT professionals having skills on Microsoft server technologies.
After completion of this program, you can get a formal validation from Microsoft as an expert in design and implementation of solutions for the most complex business needs.The curriculum of Microsoft certified master is entirely an experience based curriculum consisting of high level class room training and practical sessions. The instructors themselves are certified instructors for this program and the curriculum is presented by those instructors along with collaboration with partner organizations who bring upon real world scenarios to ensure that the student get to learn the most out of the sessions.
The training program is a highly intensive one, which continues till three weeks. Three CBTs or computer based tests and one lab based exam are part of the training. The instructors employ their years of experience and expertise to design 300 and 400 level classroom training and lab scenarios, each of which provides a simple approach of learning by doing for the students. In addition to that, each of the certification tracks would need a lab based test as a copestone for the certification. Building a solution out of the given requirements and then troubleshooting the same solution is the main area of focus here.
It should also be noted that Microsoft certified master is not for everyone, there is a difference between MCITP and MCM, because of the depth of understanding needed in a particular area; it's just too deep. Years of experience in working in intensely complex environments and an unparalleled expertise are the only ways to get eligible for Microsoft certified master.
After completion of this program, you can get a formal validation from Microsoft as an expert in design and implementation of solutions for the most complex business needs.The curriculum of Microsoft certified master is entirely an experience based curriculum consisting of high level class room training and practical sessions. The instructors themselves are certified instructors for this program and the curriculum is presented by those instructors along with collaboration with partner organizations who bring upon real world scenarios to ensure that the student get to learn the most out of the sessions.
The training program is a highly intensive one, which continues till three weeks. Three CBTs or computer based tests and one lab based exam are part of the training. The instructors employ their years of experience and expertise to design 300 and 400 level classroom training and lab scenarios, each of which provides a simple approach of learning by doing for the students. In addition to that, each of the certification tracks would need a lab based test as a copestone for the certification. Building a solution out of the given requirements and then troubleshooting the same solution is the main area of focus here.
It should also be noted that Microsoft certified master is not for everyone, there is a difference between MCITP and MCM, because of the depth of understanding needed in a particular area; it's just too deep. Years of experience in working in intensely complex environments and an unparalleled expertise are the only ways to get eligible for Microsoft certified master.
Cisco Sales Expert certification
Cisco Sales Expert certification has become a global standard for many companies in the IT industry. If you are a Cisco certified professional and willing to update yourself with the market standards, then you should get yourself well equipped with the CSE certification. This certification increases the employment opportunities for you in the IT industry and proves your expertise on the Cisco CSE and the corresponding technologies.
This certification is very much beneficial for Cisco Account Managers, Cisco hardware, software and channel partner salespeople as it gives them an insight of sales-oriented introduction to the business requirements and the impact of network infrastructure and Cisco technologies on the business.
By achieving the CSE certification, you can increase your chances to become a partner in the Cisco Channel Partner Program of the Cisco. To obtain this certification, you need to prepare yourself in the wide range of Cisco technologies and solutions available and sales networking. Once you are confident with all these things, you need to qualify the CSE exam. This certification validates your knowledge and skills of Cisco technologies and solutions.
For achieving this, you have to complete a CSE training course. These days, you can find so many alternatives for these courses and study materials and you can reduce your expenses on these exams. Most of them offer training courses along with free vouchers for the CSE exam. Some also provide 2 to 3 consecutive free or discounted vouchers if you had been unsuccessful. You may also refer other tutorials and study guides apart from the training. By putting some extra efforts, you can easily accomplish the CSE certification.
The CSE certification is designed to evaluate the candidate's knowledge about the features and benefits of unified communications, mobility, security, data center, routing and switching products, partner tools and positioning of Cisco's solutions. Because of the great demand of sales experts in the IT industry, the CSE certification has also got highlighted among networking professionals. This certification helps you to upgrade your credentials and get recognition from the IT industry and hence, it boosts your career growth.
how to prepare Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
The Microsoft certified systems administrator or MCSA certification from Microsoft verifies an IT professional's skills in the system administration of Windows OS. It can be considered a part of Microsoft's high level professional certification MCSE. Windows server 2003 MCSA certification can be attained by clearing two network system exams, a client OS exam and an elective exam. The certification is granted after the candidate has taken three of the core exams along with the elective exam. If you are eligible to appear for MCSE certification, then you automatically get eligible to appear for an MCSA certification. The criterion for this certification is; the candidate must have one to twelve months of experience in dealing with a network OS, desktop OS and a network infrastructure.
After gaining an MCSA certification one gets impressive job opportunities like system administrator, network administrator, network operations analyst, information systems administrator or a technical support specialist. This credential also ensures that you get your skill set enhanced by being successfully able to manage and troubleshoot network environments on Windows server and thus advancing your career by displaying your expertise and knowledge to the employers and customers.
Though MCSA has been designed as one stand alone certification to fulfill the job requirements of a network or system administrator; it, at the same time covers the necessary skills of IT engineers, network technicians and technical support specialists. Moreover, if you are thinking of going for MCSE sometime later in the future, then you can attain this certification by clearing just four more exams.
One of the areas, where MCSA certification differentiates itself from MCSE is that a Microsoft certified systems admin or MCSA is not expected to have designing skills. So in a way, it can be considered that it isn't really that tough to clear it, if you have proper knowledge and understanding of the subject. But right approach towards the certification exams is quite necessary. Getting a good exam simulator which will replicate the certification environment is one good approach to prepare, as those are especially designed to help you acquire the momentum for your preparation.
After gaining an MCSA certification one gets impressive job opportunities like system administrator, network administrator, network operations analyst, information systems administrator or a technical support specialist. This credential also ensures that you get your skill set enhanced by being successfully able to manage and troubleshoot network environments on Windows server and thus advancing your career by displaying your expertise and knowledge to the employers and customers.
Though MCSA has been designed as one stand alone certification to fulfill the job requirements of a network or system administrator; it, at the same time covers the necessary skills of IT engineers, network technicians and technical support specialists. Moreover, if you are thinking of going for MCSE sometime later in the future, then you can attain this certification by clearing just four more exams.
One of the areas, where MCSA certification differentiates itself from MCSE is that a Microsoft certified systems admin or MCSA is not expected to have designing skills. So in a way, it can be considered that it isn't really that tough to clear it, if you have proper knowledge and understanding of the subject. But right approach towards the certification exams is quite necessary. Getting a good exam simulator which will replicate the certification environment is one good approach to prepare, as those are especially designed to help you acquire the momentum for your preparation.
Learn How to Qualify CCDP Certification
If you are a network design professional looking forward to sharpen your skills further, then you might be aspiring to become a Cisco Certified Design Professional. For this, you need to possess the basic associate level certification offered by Cisco, which are CCNA and CCDA. CCDP is the professional level certification projected to reflect the latest and advanced knowledge in network design along with your relevant past experiences in this field. CCDP professionals are supposed to design and develop advanced addressing and routing, IP multicast complex multi-layered enterprise architecture including VPN and wireless domains and build scalable internetworks.
To earn the CCDP certification, you need to qualify three exams related to Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks, Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks and Designing Cisco Network Service Architecture. These exams are a combination of multiple choice questions, drag and drop, simulations etc, and as per the exam the count of questions varies. This certification is valid for three years and to recertify yourself again, you need to either pass any professional level part of the 642 exam or any CCIE/CCDE exam before the validity of your current certification ends. This in turn automatically extends the active CCDP certification. These exams are taken through Prometric or Pearson VUE testing centers.
The job roles of those who have achieved the CCDP certification are network infrastructure administrator, infrastructure engineer, network designer and network architect. All these are very high paying jobs and thus to see yourself in these roles, you need to manage your time efficiently in order to do self study, attend training and practice tests along with your work. Since, you are already a CCNA and CCDA certified professional, you definitely know what it takes to get certified by Cisco at the associate level, and what it might take for the professional level.
To achieve the CCDP certification, it is highly recommended to undergo specialized training in CCDP due to the fact that it's a professional level certification. Free study guides may not be helpful, and you might end up wasting money for your certification. You can choose a course or a training product from the various offers which will provide you all kinds of tutorials, test series and practice sets. You can yourself ensure your success in attaining the CCDP certification by making the right choice and working hard.
To earn the CCDP certification, you need to qualify three exams related to Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks, Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks and Designing Cisco Network Service Architecture. These exams are a combination of multiple choice questions, drag and drop, simulations etc, and as per the exam the count of questions varies. This certification is valid for three years and to recertify yourself again, you need to either pass any professional level part of the 642 exam or any CCIE/CCDE exam before the validity of your current certification ends. This in turn automatically extends the active CCDP certification. These exams are taken through Prometric or Pearson VUE testing centers.
The job roles of those who have achieved the CCDP certification are network infrastructure administrator, infrastructure engineer, network designer and network architect. All these are very high paying jobs and thus to see yourself in these roles, you need to manage your time efficiently in order to do self study, attend training and practice tests along with your work. Since, you are already a CCNA and CCDA certified professional, you definitely know what it takes to get certified by Cisco at the associate level, and what it might take for the professional level.
To achieve the CCDP certification, it is highly recommended to undergo specialized training in CCDP due to the fact that it's a professional level certification. Free study guides may not be helpful, and you might end up wasting money for your certification. You can choose a course or a training product from the various offers which will provide you all kinds of tutorials, test series and practice sets. You can yourself ensure your success in attaining the CCDP certification by making the right choice and working hard.
Sunday, August 16, 2009
Information Technology Computer Certification Training
The preparation of the certification of computer information technology can extend to free from spending hundreds of dollars and can sometimes run into the thousands. Students in this field of expert knowledge and the repair of the desktop and laptops want the best reliable training for a certificate available for the cost that is lowest. Price is important but do not want to sacrifice the quality of education for teaching computer science.
Is this what you want to launch concerning the online training for certification pertaining to information services to prepare a student to be considered in approving the examination in the first endeavor? Free education for a certificate of the computer can take you only so far. You will learn the foundations but you cannot pass an examination of official recognition until you have enough skilled education. Many websites will give free knowledge to draw inside, so you buy some material for training (study guides, online lessons and final practice tests).
Why have high paying U.S. dollars in online training or classroom on the information technology skills to better prepare for their final test? You can find lots of knowledge base material about certifications of the computer on the Internet that will completely prepare you for final review of documentation, when you inquire by actually searching. It is sometimes useful to obtain advice with someone who took the examination of IT documentation. You will have to spend a certain amount of money for higher and more professional certification examination education.
After you reached your level of a certificate concerning the training expertise status then you will be completely prepared to take a final examination? You may very well trained in the repair of the computer or operating system software and windows but not being able to pass your final test. Classroom and the questions in the final test of the practice may not be ready in the right proportion for a review of the certification, unless you consider the real test. The assessment of a certification is different from the rest of other examinations and preparation of evidence in information technology and this is why it is necessary to know material on the actual final test so that passing does not become an issue.
Is there such thing as a preparation for the examination of information technology on the computer and operating systems in the way of which you pass the test on your first try? There are very few resources available online or in the classroom where you can find the appropriate training of these skills. To know to pass an examination and study to apply where you acquired is an art that can also be learned. The qualifications required to obtain official recognition for the knowledge necessary of IT skills, can easily be collected using the best online material similar to the final test.
Do not think that all study materials and online lessons pertaining to practice exam questions are the same? The materials for this knowledge base may be outdated. Microsoft and other companies are updated constantly with new study material and questions in the exams, which are on the final. Microsoft and other companies of information technology will give up-to-date test questions in their system to perform better improvements. These companies of industry must be equipped with new knowledge. The structure of new issues also needs to charge for the material so the industry can keep companies like Microsoft an expert about all of this recent knowledge.
How to pass your certification examination relating to information technology? This is the question that all students should think about in order to develop a plan to conquer the computer? To get the training and skills about computers and IT data is good for knowledge. Receiving your examination training for certification will benefit you more with employers because they approve your certificate of qualification as a higher standard. Just having computer knowledge will not get you the job. Receiving a recognized certificate is vital and should be sought after because it can give you a high paying position.
Is this what you want to launch concerning the online training for certification pertaining to information services to prepare a student to be considered in approving the examination in the first endeavor? Free education for a certificate of the computer can take you only so far. You will learn the foundations but you cannot pass an examination of official recognition until you have enough skilled education. Many websites will give free knowledge to draw inside, so you buy some material for training (study guides, online lessons and final practice tests).
Why have high paying U.S. dollars in online training or classroom on the information technology skills to better prepare for their final test? You can find lots of knowledge base material about certifications of the computer on the Internet that will completely prepare you for final review of documentation, when you inquire by actually searching. It is sometimes useful to obtain advice with someone who took the examination of IT documentation. You will have to spend a certain amount of money for higher and more professional certification examination education.
After you reached your level of a certificate concerning the training expertise status then you will be completely prepared to take a final examination? You may very well trained in the repair of the computer or operating system software and windows but not being able to pass your final test. Classroom and the questions in the final test of the practice may not be ready in the right proportion for a review of the certification, unless you consider the real test. The assessment of a certification is different from the rest of other examinations and preparation of evidence in information technology and this is why it is necessary to know material on the actual final test so that passing does not become an issue.
Is there such thing as a preparation for the examination of information technology on the computer and operating systems in the way of which you pass the test on your first try? There are very few resources available online or in the classroom where you can find the appropriate training of these skills. To know to pass an examination and study to apply where you acquired is an art that can also be learned. The qualifications required to obtain official recognition for the knowledge necessary of IT skills, can easily be collected using the best online material similar to the final test.
Do not think that all study materials and online lessons pertaining to practice exam questions are the same? The materials for this knowledge base may be outdated. Microsoft and other companies are updated constantly with new study material and questions in the exams, which are on the final. Microsoft and other companies of information technology will give up-to-date test questions in their system to perform better improvements. These companies of industry must be equipped with new knowledge. The structure of new issues also needs to charge for the material so the industry can keep companies like Microsoft an expert about all of this recent knowledge.
How to pass your certification examination relating to information technology? This is the question that all students should think about in order to develop a plan to conquer the computer? To get the training and skills about computers and IT data is good for knowledge. Receiving your examination training for certification will benefit you more with employers because they approve your certificate of qualification as a higher standard. Just having computer knowledge will not get you the job. Receiving a recognized certificate is vital and should be sought after because it can give you a high paying position.
Certified Internet Webmaster(CIW)cource for web designer
CIW or Certified Internet Webmaster is a certification process for global web professionals. Given the tremendous growth of internet-based businesses, there has been a huge demand for web professionals in the past few years. As a result, the demand for qualified web professionals has led to a higher demand for CIW-qualified personnel. The course enables a professional to gain expertise and exposure to diverse areas such as project management, security and web management, and e-commerce. The course offers exposure to the most critical areas of being a complete web professional. The CIW certification is accredited by the Association of Internet Professionals and approved by the World Organization of Webmasters.
Certification & Process:
As far as the certification process is concerned, the tests for acquiring a CIW certification is not administered by any particular vendor and are therefore, vendor neutral. Additionally, the cut off marks for passing the tests are set at a high of 75%. This is a reasonably high standard for a certification, which also ensures a high credibility for the CIW qualification. The curriculum for CIW provides practical training in Internet technologies including website development, server administration and e-commerce. For taking the exams, a student has the choice of being trained at instructor-led training sites, or at home or office through the medium of conference calls, email or Web-based support. The exams are administered by Sylvan Prometric, an independent body that conducts these tests at their own centers. In the United States, the CIW certification program is offered by ProsoftTraining.
Types of Courses:
In terms of complexity, the CIW course is divided into three levels: Associate, Professional and Master. The initial requirement for the course requires the candidate to pass the CIW Foundations level. This level provides exposure to the fundamental areas of internet technologies, network infrastructure and HTML-based webpage creation. The course further offers specialization in four major areas of the internet management enterprise development, administration, website management, and designing. The following courses are the main programs offered under CIW:
- CIW Security Analyst Certification
- Master CIW Enterprise Developer Certification
- Master CIW Administrator Certification
- Fundamentals of databases
- CIW V5 Database Designer Specialist Certification
- Master CIW Designer Certification
- CIW Professional Certification
- CIW Associates Design Specialist Certification
- CIW Associates
Details of some of the CIW courses are listed below:
1. CIW Site Designer: This course runs for five days and offers exposure to designing, implementing and maintaining a web site with HTML and scripting languages.
2. CIW Server Administration: Spread over five days, this course enables students to gain exposure to managing internet and intranet structures for a large corporate. The course teaches techniques in managing news and mail servers, monitoring web server systems, and configuring e-business servers.
3. CIW E-Commerce Professional: E-commerce is a vibrant and dynamic part of transacting through the internet. This course helps students gain exposure to designing and implementing e-commerce web sites, understanding how customers place orders, analyzing their buying patterns and improving sales using e-commerce.
Certification & Process:
As far as the certification process is concerned, the tests for acquiring a CIW certification is not administered by any particular vendor and are therefore, vendor neutral. Additionally, the cut off marks for passing the tests are set at a high of 75%. This is a reasonably high standard for a certification, which also ensures a high credibility for the CIW qualification. The curriculum for CIW provides practical training in Internet technologies including website development, server administration and e-commerce. For taking the exams, a student has the choice of being trained at instructor-led training sites, or at home or office through the medium of conference calls, email or Web-based support. The exams are administered by Sylvan Prometric, an independent body that conducts these tests at their own centers. In the United States, the CIW certification program is offered by ProsoftTraining.
Types of Courses:
In terms of complexity, the CIW course is divided into three levels: Associate, Professional and Master. The initial requirement for the course requires the candidate to pass the CIW Foundations level. This level provides exposure to the fundamental areas of internet technologies, network infrastructure and HTML-based webpage creation. The course further offers specialization in four major areas of the internet management enterprise development, administration, website management, and designing. The following courses are the main programs offered under CIW:
- CIW Security Analyst Certification
- Master CIW Enterprise Developer Certification
- Master CIW Administrator Certification
- Fundamentals of databases
- CIW V5 Database Designer Specialist Certification
- Master CIW Designer Certification
- CIW Professional Certification
- CIW Associates Design Specialist Certification
- CIW Associates
Details of some of the CIW courses are listed below:
1. CIW Site Designer: This course runs for five days and offers exposure to designing, implementing and maintaining a web site with HTML and scripting languages.
2. CIW Server Administration: Spread over five days, this course enables students to gain exposure to managing internet and intranet structures for a large corporate. The course teaches techniques in managing news and mail servers, monitoring web server systems, and configuring e-business servers.
3. CIW E-Commerce Professional: E-commerce is a vibrant and dynamic part of transacting through the internet. This course helps students gain exposure to designing and implementing e-commerce web sites, understanding how customers place orders, analyzing their buying patterns and improving sales using e-commerce.
Microsoft Small Business Specialist certification
The Microsoft Small Business Specialist certification is designed to show that a company has proven experiencing in designing and implementing IT solutions for small businesses. It gives the company benefits that are only available to certified small business specialists including additional technical and sales support.
To gain the Small Business Specialist certification the company must first be a Microsoft partner. This can be either a registered partner or a Microsoft Certified Partner. Each has its own entry requirements that can be found on the Microsoft website. The company must also take a Microsoft Action Pack subscription and pass a Sales and marketing skills assessment. This is a small test that is taken online to verify that the applicant has the necessary knowledge to be able to sell appropriate IT solutions to small businesses.
The last requirement is that the company employs someone who has passed one of the required Microsoft technical exams. The most common exam to take is the Small Business server exam. Before switching to the 2008 exams this was the 70-282 Planning, Deploying, and Managing a Network Solution for the Small and Medium-Sized Business. With the 2008 exams you can now take the Windows Small Business Server 2008, Configuring certification.
When the requirements have been met you have access to several benefits including partner logos and specialist support. This gives you access to another level of support which includes 5 free incidents a year. There is also an active online community which you gain access to, this is helpful for resolving difficult technical issues and for getting help on selling solutions to small businesses.
To gain the Small Business Specialist certification the company must first be a Microsoft partner. This can be either a registered partner or a Microsoft Certified Partner. Each has its own entry requirements that can be found on the Microsoft website. The company must also take a Microsoft Action Pack subscription and pass a Sales and marketing skills assessment. This is a small test that is taken online to verify that the applicant has the necessary knowledge to be able to sell appropriate IT solutions to small businesses.
The last requirement is that the company employs someone who has passed one of the required Microsoft technical exams. The most common exam to take is the Small Business server exam. Before switching to the 2008 exams this was the 70-282 Planning, Deploying, and Managing a Network Solution for the Small and Medium-Sized Business. With the 2008 exams you can now take the Windows Small Business Server 2008, Configuring certification.
When the requirements have been met you have access to several benefits including partner logos and specialist support. This gives you access to another level of support which includes 5 free incidents a year. There is also an active online community which you gain access to, this is helpful for resolving difficult technical issues and for getting help on selling solutions to small businesses.
proven study systems for PMI and PMP exam
Undergoing the PMP test is among the greatest steps you will choose in your career and among the most intimidating. There appears to be a continuous exhibit of fact to squeeze into your head. But with detailed planning, you can be successful at the PMP exam with a small amount of stress.
The first thing you will require is a detailed study program. Evaluate your every day responsibilities; several individuals commit months to their books and push aside the other things they must execute daily. Beguilement kicks in; catching-up gets boring and intervenes with your studies. List your regular schedule then designate a time for study, generally one to two hours. By setting up a program, you have made your study time for each day.
There are a lot of hurdles you can let your brain jump over prior to starting. By restricting your study time, you are really stepping-up the amount of knowledge your memory can take in. Keep track of your over all progress by creating weekly milestones, this will boost you as you learn, plus you can get the most of your free time while studying more efficaciously. Rather than skimming around and possibly neglecting a crucial area of study, you will address everything soundly.
It is a great idea prior to starting for you to create a chart depicting your targets, week by week. This can assist you in concentrating on day-to-day objectives however make certain not to drum too much work into each study sitting. You'll keep a lot more by focusing on one area at a time. As you are required to cover so a lot of things about so several different subject areas, it might be most beneficial to split up the subjects into different sections so you can understand. You can provide yourself with rewards after a hard secession.
Repeating is a beneficial method for hardening your fresh knowledge. By restating something to yourself over and over or by penning it to paper, you're working it in your brain and it will remain there for long time provided that you call to it from time to time.
It's most effective to practice repetition daily for a minimum of four weeks. If feasible, you need to do your continual mental exercise as you first rise in the mornings, since the mind is at its most open on waking up. Plus, unwinding in bed for a few minutes as you mentally echo what you would like to recall could be really nice and reward a confident mind-set toward your PMP exam!
Pick up a copy of the Project Management Book Of Knowledge, by reading through and highlighting the most significant parts, you will likely memorize almost as much information. You should then go back through the Project Management Book Of Knowledge in a more detailed fashion.
A next really crucial suggestion is everybody requires a break from their studies. Regardless if you love your studying, you need to take a day away out of each week to get entirely away from studying to perform other matters. It can be just a morning walk, spending some time with the family or even going to a movie, find something that really unwinds you up.
The first thing you will require is a detailed study program. Evaluate your every day responsibilities; several individuals commit months to their books and push aside the other things they must execute daily. Beguilement kicks in; catching-up gets boring and intervenes with your studies. List your regular schedule then designate a time for study, generally one to two hours. By setting up a program, you have made your study time for each day.
There are a lot of hurdles you can let your brain jump over prior to starting. By restricting your study time, you are really stepping-up the amount of knowledge your memory can take in. Keep track of your over all progress by creating weekly milestones, this will boost you as you learn, plus you can get the most of your free time while studying more efficaciously. Rather than skimming around and possibly neglecting a crucial area of study, you will address everything soundly.
It is a great idea prior to starting for you to create a chart depicting your targets, week by week. This can assist you in concentrating on day-to-day objectives however make certain not to drum too much work into each study sitting. You'll keep a lot more by focusing on one area at a time. As you are required to cover so a lot of things about so several different subject areas, it might be most beneficial to split up the subjects into different sections so you can understand. You can provide yourself with rewards after a hard secession.
Repeating is a beneficial method for hardening your fresh knowledge. By restating something to yourself over and over or by penning it to paper, you're working it in your brain and it will remain there for long time provided that you call to it from time to time.
It's most effective to practice repetition daily for a minimum of four weeks. If feasible, you need to do your continual mental exercise as you first rise in the mornings, since the mind is at its most open on waking up. Plus, unwinding in bed for a few minutes as you mentally echo what you would like to recall could be really nice and reward a confident mind-set toward your PMP exam!
Pick up a copy of the Project Management Book Of Knowledge, by reading through and highlighting the most significant parts, you will likely memorize almost as much information. You should then go back through the Project Management Book Of Knowledge in a more detailed fashion.
A next really crucial suggestion is everybody requires a break from their studies. Regardless if you love your studying, you need to take a day away out of each week to get entirely away from studying to perform other matters. It can be just a morning walk, spending some time with the family or even going to a movie, find something that really unwinds you up.
PMI exam certification tips
The PMP examination consists of two hundred (200) questions in six different sections. Social responsibility is the sixth portion, and normally comprises of about thirty questions. Every project management professional, has a big social obligation that is essential and needs to be carried out in order to preserve the integrity of the project management community. Social responsibility in project management includes the finishing up and closing of projects on time and reasonable and equal dealing with project members while adhering to the ethical project guidelines.
Individuals with a high school diploma; or its equivalent needs to have at least five years worth of project management experience or seven thousand five hundred hours of through leadership. These applicants are required to also take on a minimum of thirty-five hours of project management teaching. Others who have a Bachelor's degree or higher qualifications must show three years of project management experience or four thousand five hundred hours of directional leadership. A candidate who satisfies this requirement needs to also sit thirty-five hours of instructional training in project management.
When you have assembled your required experience information, you need to give in your initial program application along with your required payment. The PMI Institute will then examine your application, please make certain that all the information are correct and completed, plus they might also get in touch with your references to verify your professional experience. This process can take up to five business days.
In order to get prepare for the PMP exam, you need to study; study your Project Management Book Of Knowledge. Preparing for the PMP exam is just like preparing for any college level or equivalent exam. The most effective study technique for you is based on your studying style; there are a lot of choices available for study that is, five days of PMP preparation course, PMP podcasts, individual study, or even study groups. Find out what works for you and follow it. A lot of individuals will get in touch with the skills that helped them through college to sit the test.
After you have analyzed the material and you feel as if you have a full grasp of the project management theory, give yourself to a practice exam to examine how much of the material you have really taken in and what you need to work on further for the real PMP exam. Please note that you need to know as much information as you can from your PMBOK and you will need to spend about three to four months of studying prior to the real PMP exam date. You should attempt as much practice exams as you possibly can until you feel that you have learned as much as you can and is comfortably scoring eighty percent or more on your prep exams.
Get hold of the examination center and get details of your location where you will be sitting the exam, as well as the items required for the test. Remember to get a good night's sleep and show up early at the test center.
Individuals with a high school diploma; or its equivalent needs to have at least five years worth of project management experience or seven thousand five hundred hours of through leadership. These applicants are required to also take on a minimum of thirty-five hours of project management teaching. Others who have a Bachelor's degree or higher qualifications must show three years of project management experience or four thousand five hundred hours of directional leadership. A candidate who satisfies this requirement needs to also sit thirty-five hours of instructional training in project management.
When you have assembled your required experience information, you need to give in your initial program application along with your required payment. The PMI Institute will then examine your application, please make certain that all the information are correct and completed, plus they might also get in touch with your references to verify your professional experience. This process can take up to five business days.
In order to get prepare for the PMP exam, you need to study; study your Project Management Book Of Knowledge. Preparing for the PMP exam is just like preparing for any college level or equivalent exam. The most effective study technique for you is based on your studying style; there are a lot of choices available for study that is, five days of PMP preparation course, PMP podcasts, individual study, or even study groups. Find out what works for you and follow it. A lot of individuals will get in touch with the skills that helped them through college to sit the test.
After you have analyzed the material and you feel as if you have a full grasp of the project management theory, give yourself to a practice exam to examine how much of the material you have really taken in and what you need to work on further for the real PMP exam. Please note that you need to know as much information as you can from your PMBOK and you will need to spend about three to four months of studying prior to the real PMP exam date. You should attempt as much practice exams as you possibly can until you feel that you have learned as much as you can and is comfortably scoring eighty percent or more on your prep exams.
Get hold of the examination center and get details of your location where you will be sitting the exam, as well as the items required for the test. Remember to get a good night's sleep and show up early at the test center.
Certification Services
The Information technology is extremely dedicated and employees with exact certifications are in great demand. As the world of internet has grown in an incredible extent during the past two decades, the need for skilled professionals has also increased. With a huge number of attractive fields of study, professional certification can perk up your overall career outlook, providing you the leading edge for employment and promotions within your chosen career.
To accomplish in today's employment computational market, professional certifications not only help individuals to extra their education, but also helps to advance careers by contribution the up-to-date skills and training essential to succeed.
IT news and technical information pertaining to certification intelligence for exam training is the main idea of this article. Many people do not know the distinction between computer training and certification exam training. I feel like to inform every person what the differences are. Computer training is a training which is done by classroom with scheduled courses or online training about the career field providing to information technology.
Let me make clear! If you want to become a Server Administrator. To start on with it you will need some education somewhere in order to be knowledgeable about the specific subject and maybe obtain a two or four-year degree. You may just wish for to take a few courses and receive a certificate in this field. This would be considering computer training.Another point of this article is education relating to information technology certification. There are a number of colleges and online training institutes about IT that will organize you for a particular subject or field but there are but a not many places where you can find IT certification intelligence on exam training.
To accomplish in today's employment computational market, professional certifications not only help individuals to extra their education, but also helps to advance careers by contribution the up-to-date skills and training essential to succeed.
IT news and technical information pertaining to certification intelligence for exam training is the main idea of this article. Many people do not know the distinction between computer training and certification exam training. I feel like to inform every person what the differences are. Computer training is a training which is done by classroom with scheduled courses or online training about the career field providing to information technology.
Let me make clear! If you want to become a Server Administrator. To start on with it you will need some education somewhere in order to be knowledgeable about the specific subject and maybe obtain a two or four-year degree. You may just wish for to take a few courses and receive a certificate in this field. This would be considering computer training.Another point of this article is education relating to information technology certification. There are a number of colleges and online training institutes about IT that will organize you for a particular subject or field but there are but a not many places where you can find IT certification intelligence on exam training.
new question analysis for pmp exam time manangement
While the date to sit your PMP examination approaches, the pressure begins to increase. However rather than allowing that pressure to devour you, it is essential that you use it as an initiation to fuel you to read more about the matters that will assist you on the day of the PMP exam. There are numerous PMP examination preparedness tips that you could use so that you will be able to secure your dream job.
Preparing for PMP Exam with Online Courses
With the advanced settings available today, you are able to use the internet as reference of almost any kind of information. Therefore, it shouldn't be a surprise that there are various PMP exam courses accessible online for preparation. They operate the way just as any other form of techniques for preparation does. The only difference is that it is performed online. There are still some significant benefits for choosing this way of preparing for the PMP exam.
Managing your Time
You need to manage your time effectively. As preparing for a PMP exam could cost you handsomely for the entire package, this can put pressure on your finances. You may prefer to keep on working to finance your daily expenditure. This means that you must deal with your business life and your personal life, and it requires superior management skills to balance everything.
You'll need to set up study hours to learn the materials, whether you like to or not. Even though PMP exam online training allows flexibility, you are required to study and the do questions by yourself. It is just about crazy to be wasting your money if you are planning on failing.
Good time management signifies that you must have a great study plan. You need a timetable showing all your daily activities. Once more, time must not be blown away since you don't wish to waste your money.
Perseverance
You require a dynamic attitude towards your PMP exam training course, as well as a great attitude. You need to know that this examination will take actually four-hour. This will address numerous topics. Therefore if you don't have a great approach and follow your study, you might be kissing the program goodbye.
You need to learn about the five different area of expertise; you could memorize them, still, it is considerably different than the application. You are still required to explain them in order to be successful at the PMP exam. No matter what you are aspiring if it is for memory or application, persistency is really crucial to entirely understand project management and for passing PMP exam.
Preparing for PMP Exam with Online Courses
With the advanced settings available today, you are able to use the internet as reference of almost any kind of information. Therefore, it shouldn't be a surprise that there are various PMP exam courses accessible online for preparation. They operate the way just as any other form of techniques for preparation does. The only difference is that it is performed online. There are still some significant benefits for choosing this way of preparing for the PMP exam.
Managing your Time
You need to manage your time effectively. As preparing for a PMP exam could cost you handsomely for the entire package, this can put pressure on your finances. You may prefer to keep on working to finance your daily expenditure. This means that you must deal with your business life and your personal life, and it requires superior management skills to balance everything.
You'll need to set up study hours to learn the materials, whether you like to or not. Even though PMP exam online training allows flexibility, you are required to study and the do questions by yourself. It is just about crazy to be wasting your money if you are planning on failing.
Good time management signifies that you must have a great study plan. You need a timetable showing all your daily activities. Once more, time must not be blown away since you don't wish to waste your money.
Perseverance
You require a dynamic attitude towards your PMP exam training course, as well as a great attitude. You need to know that this examination will take actually four-hour. This will address numerous topics. Therefore if you don't have a great approach and follow your study, you might be kissing the program goodbye.
You need to learn about the five different area of expertise; you could memorize them, still, it is considerably different than the application. You are still required to explain them in order to be successful at the PMP exam. No matter what you are aspiring if it is for memory or application, persistency is really crucial to entirely understand project management and for passing PMP exam.
software testing
"The Fundamentals of Software Testing" is the first module of the ISEB Foundation course and examination syllabus. ISEB recommend that Foundation students spend 20% of their study time on the Fundamentals course section. "The Fundamentals of Software Testing" is also the title of the opening chapter in the official ISEB Software Testing manual.
Understanding the fundamentals of software testing is clearly crucial to achieving proficiency according to the ISEB professional standards. But what, precisely, are these "fundamentals" , and what do you need to know in order to pass the ISEB Foundation examination?
Why is testing necessary?
According to Peter Morgan (freelance testing practitioner and member of the ISEB Accreditation and Examination panel), an unnecessarily high proportion of IT systems fail to fulfil expectations - or fail to work at all - because of insufficient software testing prior to release.
Software testing cannot guarantee against software problems or even failure, but it can minimise the risk of faults developing once the software is in use. In order to understand why software testing is necessary, it is important to consider the causes and impact of IT systems failure, and the crucial role that testing plays in Quality Assurance.
The ISEB Foundation training-courses focus on five learning requirements:
• The potential impact of an IT systems failure;
• Causes/effects of software failure;
• Why testing is necessary;
• Testing versus Quality Assurance;
• Basic industry terminology.
What is testing?
Software Testing is a method of identifying faults in the product before it is released; this includes defects in the software code and its execution, as well as any potential gap between what the code is supposed to do and what it actually does.
The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to:
• Know the basic objectives of testing;
• Understand how these testing objectives apply in the context of creating, using and supporting software (including the difference between testing and 'debugging', and the different uses of static testing and dynamic testing).
General testing principles
The ISEB courses introduce students to 7 software testing principles:
• Testing can show that problems exist, but not that problems do not exist.
• Testing covers a limited range of sample situations, and is not comprehensive.
• The earlier a problem is found, the less it costs to fix.
• Defects will tend to cluster around specific areas (e.g. system complexity, or staff inexperience). These areas can be particularly targeted by testers.
• A set of tests, run repeatedly, will have diminishing effect.
• The type, design and focus of testing will vary according to the software tested.
• A test that does not reveal errors does not prove that the software is error-free.
Fundamental test process
Software testing is not simply a case of reviewing documentation or running a software program to check for bugs. To ensure that the appropriate tests are operated effectively and return value on the invested resources, it is crucial that software testers carry out five basic activities, which the ISEB Software Testing guidance links to form a software testing process:
1. Test planning and control
a. Test planning defines what will be tested, how it will be tested, and who we will know when the testing is complete.
b. Test control is an iterative activity that compares the progress against the plan, and adjusts the plan as required.
2. Test analysis and design
a. Test analysis considers the specific conditions to be tested, and how these test conditions are to be combined into test cases.
b. Test design describes the expected outcome of the test, so that testers can easily recognise when a fault has occurred.
3. Test implementation and execution
Execution represents the most visible testing activity, and encompasses setting up the tests, generating test data, logging test activities and analyzing the test results.
4. Evaluating exit criteria and reporting
The test "exit criteria" (established during "Test planning and control") indicate that testing is complete.
5. Test closure activities
• Ensure that all documentation has been correctly completed
• Close down and archive the test environment, infrastructure and testware
• Hand over testware to maintenance team
• Log lessons learned
The psychology of testing
Selecting the appropriate individual(s) to perform the tests, and communicating the results of the tests to the developers, requires a basic understanding of the psychology of testers and developers.
The ISEB guidance provides a hierarchy of 'independence' - that is, a list of individuals who could potentially test the software, gradated according to their perceived level of detachment from the development process:
• The authors of the code
• Members of the same development team as the authors of the code
• A different group within the same organization
• A different organization
There are varying advantages and disadvantages to individuals at different levels in the hierarchy performing the software tests. For example, the developer might be able to resolve a difficulty more quickly, but might be also be less likely to spot the difficulties in the first place.
In addition to the independence/detachment of the testers from the software development process, it is important to consider how testers can communicate the results of the test to the developers. The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to explain strategies for providing courteous feedback on defects, for example:
• Focus on delivering quality, rather than pointing out mistakes;
• Test reports are not directed towards people but towards products;
• Discuss problems openly, and attempt mutual understanding;
• At the end of a discussion, confirm that both parties understand what has been agreed.
Understanding the fundamentals of software testing is clearly crucial to achieving proficiency according to the ISEB professional standards. But what, precisely, are these "fundamentals" , and what do you need to know in order to pass the ISEB Foundation examination?
Why is testing necessary?
According to Peter Morgan (freelance testing practitioner and member of the ISEB Accreditation and Examination panel), an unnecessarily high proportion of IT systems fail to fulfil expectations - or fail to work at all - because of insufficient software testing prior to release.
Software testing cannot guarantee against software problems or even failure, but it can minimise the risk of faults developing once the software is in use. In order to understand why software testing is necessary, it is important to consider the causes and impact of IT systems failure, and the crucial role that testing plays in Quality Assurance.
The ISEB Foundation training-courses focus on five learning requirements:
• The potential impact of an IT systems failure;
• Causes/effects of software failure;
• Why testing is necessary;
• Testing versus Quality Assurance;
• Basic industry terminology.
What is testing?
Software Testing is a method of identifying faults in the product before it is released; this includes defects in the software code and its execution, as well as any potential gap between what the code is supposed to do and what it actually does.
The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to:
• Know the basic objectives of testing;
• Understand how these testing objectives apply in the context of creating, using and supporting software (including the difference between testing and 'debugging', and the different uses of static testing and dynamic testing).
General testing principles
The ISEB courses introduce students to 7 software testing principles:
• Testing can show that problems exist, but not that problems do not exist.
• Testing covers a limited range of sample situations, and is not comprehensive.
• The earlier a problem is found, the less it costs to fix.
• Defects will tend to cluster around specific areas (e.g. system complexity, or staff inexperience). These areas can be particularly targeted by testers.
• A set of tests, run repeatedly, will have diminishing effect.
• The type, design and focus of testing will vary according to the software tested.
• A test that does not reveal errors does not prove that the software is error-free.
Fundamental test process
Software testing is not simply a case of reviewing documentation or running a software program to check for bugs. To ensure that the appropriate tests are operated effectively and return value on the invested resources, it is crucial that software testers carry out five basic activities, which the ISEB Software Testing guidance links to form a software testing process:
1. Test planning and control
a. Test planning defines what will be tested, how it will be tested, and who we will know when the testing is complete.
b. Test control is an iterative activity that compares the progress against the plan, and adjusts the plan as required.
2. Test analysis and design
a. Test analysis considers the specific conditions to be tested, and how these test conditions are to be combined into test cases.
b. Test design describes the expected outcome of the test, so that testers can easily recognise when a fault has occurred.
3. Test implementation and execution
Execution represents the most visible testing activity, and encompasses setting up the tests, generating test data, logging test activities and analyzing the test results.
4. Evaluating exit criteria and reporting
The test "exit criteria" (established during "Test planning and control") indicate that testing is complete.
5. Test closure activities
• Ensure that all documentation has been correctly completed
• Close down and archive the test environment, infrastructure and testware
• Hand over testware to maintenance team
• Log lessons learned
The psychology of testing
Selecting the appropriate individual(s) to perform the tests, and communicating the results of the tests to the developers, requires a basic understanding of the psychology of testers and developers.
The ISEB guidance provides a hierarchy of 'independence' - that is, a list of individuals who could potentially test the software, gradated according to their perceived level of detachment from the development process:
• The authors of the code
• Members of the same development team as the authors of the code
• A different group within the same organization
• A different organization
There are varying advantages and disadvantages to individuals at different levels in the hierarchy performing the software tests. For example, the developer might be able to resolve a difficulty more quickly, but might be also be less likely to spot the difficulties in the first place.
In addition to the independence/detachment of the testers from the software development process, it is important to consider how testers can communicate the results of the test to the developers. The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to explain strategies for providing courteous feedback on defects, for example:
• Focus on delivering quality, rather than pointing out mistakes;
• Test reports are not directed towards people but towards products;
• Discuss problems openly, and attempt mutual understanding;
• At the end of a discussion, confirm that both parties understand what has been agreed.
Thursday, May 28, 2009
Project Management Institute(PMI)
PMI is better known as Project Management Institute. Your PMI certification is will get you through the door in the project management profession. The PMI certification training is highly important to you when it comes to the world of IT. Your practice exams for the PMI are harder than the actual PMI exams which mean that you will have great practice for the real thing.
All of the practice exam questions are free to you and come with the PMI training tools and the PMI exam preparation. You will be able to get yourself ready for the final exam in order to pass your certifications with flying colors. Also, the PMI study guide gives that extra edge. For certification preparation you should consult with IT certifications
The IT Industry
By working with exams king or exams experts, you could not possibly be more prepared for your exams as if you were to start today. There is no time like the present to get started in the IT industry. The PMI will get you prepared for all of the aspects of management that you could possibly need.
You will be viewed as an expert in your field with these certifications. Employers will see you as someone who is ready for the IT industry and as someone who is a go getter and a self starter. This is important to IT employers to know that they do not need to babysit a new employee so to speak.
Bright Career with PMI
Keeping all of this in mind when you are thinking about starting your career can get you motivated in the right direction. Your future should be bright and shiny and with the PMI certifications, your future will be bright and shiny. Major companies view the PMI as a great stepping stone in the right direction of the IT industry. PMI will help you to get those management certifications and you will be on the right road.By enrolling in this class, your PMI exams will be much easier and you will be able to meet the requirements of employers who feel that the PMI is important for your employment. When you are thinking of IT, think of PMI.
All of the practice exam questions are free to you and come with the PMI training tools and the PMI exam preparation. You will be able to get yourself ready for the final exam in order to pass your certifications with flying colors. Also, the PMI study guide gives that extra edge. For certification preparation you should consult with IT certifications
The IT Industry
By working with exams king or exams experts, you could not possibly be more prepared for your exams as if you were to start today. There is no time like the present to get started in the IT industry. The PMI will get you prepared for all of the aspects of management that you could possibly need.
You will be viewed as an expert in your field with these certifications. Employers will see you as someone who is ready for the IT industry and as someone who is a go getter and a self starter. This is important to IT employers to know that they do not need to babysit a new employee so to speak.
Bright Career with PMI
Keeping all of this in mind when you are thinking about starting your career can get you motivated in the right direction. Your future should be bright and shiny and with the PMI certifications, your future will be bright and shiny. Major companies view the PMI as a great stepping stone in the right direction of the IT industry. PMI will help you to get those management certifications and you will be on the right road.By enrolling in this class, your PMI exams will be much easier and you will be able to meet the requirements of employers who feel that the PMI is important for your employment. When you are thinking of IT, think of PMI.
Attitude and Practical Aptitude and Your PMP Exam Preparation
If you are determined to get a PMP certification, then you must have the right attitude matched with practical attitude to have a stress-free PMP Exam Preparation.
Why Attitude?
Any passer or flunker of the of the PMP Exam will tell you that the PMP Exam Preparation should be, the be all and end all, before you take the computer based PMP examination. If your preparation is a hasty one or you're over-confident of your experience to trouble-shoot actual work-related problems, you might be in for a surprise.
The test questions do not implicitly demand a bookish answer but will test your comprehension of the fundamental theories in project management - no matter what the professional field, the theories and the interlacing applications are the same.
Be ready for 35 contact hours of training focused on project management. A reliable PMP Exam Preparation demands this before giving out the completion certification as a qualification for the actual examination. You should have the attitude to actively participate in the learning process by seriously giving time to study and absorb the lessons.
If the pace of the lessons is too fast, don't be timid. Ask the people giving the PMP Exam Preparation to consider your pace; they will be willing to do this because their top priority is the student's success during the exams. There will be moments of boredom despite your willingness to go through the lessons - but with the right attitude, you can redirect you're your efforts to stay interested; after all, you invest time, money, and effort for your career.
Practical Aptitude
The PMP Exam Preparation tests your aptitude to respond to problems in the workplace. If you are naturally gifted with the ability to evaluate tricky situations and can assess how limited resources and manpower can be harnessed to get the desired effect, you will appreciate the lessons for the PMP exam. GIFTED OR NOT, you can still learn more during the preparations.
Another requirement spelled out is comprehension of written and verbal instructions. All instructions are useless if you cannot immediately understand instructions. Managers must have this practical aptitude to succeed in following and giving instructions. During the intensive preparation, this aptitude is tested to the limits.
As you ride along the lessons get more information and do research on the topics given to you. It helps to have more ideas from various experts in different fields. Perhaps, if you do take the PMP Exam Preparation, you have more ammunition to understand the whole preparation.
When Doing Self-Study
Discipline is the key to a successful preparation. Your attitude and aptitude makes it easy for you to be dedicated and disciplined. The long hours of study, the research, and absorbing all the lessons can drain your brain thus you need all the discipline you can get from within you.
There will be practice test to challenge to do better with different lessons as you progress with your PMP Exam Preparation. To get the best from your preparation and to ace those practice tests and eventually the big one, go for an institution that that meets the PMI's rigid requirements. A Registered Education Provider logo should alert you that you are getting one of the best - now that is attitude and aptitude at work.
Why Attitude?
Any passer or flunker of the of the PMP Exam will tell you that the PMP Exam Preparation should be, the be all and end all, before you take the computer based PMP examination. If your preparation is a hasty one or you're over-confident of your experience to trouble-shoot actual work-related problems, you might be in for a surprise.
The test questions do not implicitly demand a bookish answer but will test your comprehension of the fundamental theories in project management - no matter what the professional field, the theories and the interlacing applications are the same.
Be ready for 35 contact hours of training focused on project management. A reliable PMP Exam Preparation demands this before giving out the completion certification as a qualification for the actual examination. You should have the attitude to actively participate in the learning process by seriously giving time to study and absorb the lessons.
If the pace of the lessons is too fast, don't be timid. Ask the people giving the PMP Exam Preparation to consider your pace; they will be willing to do this because their top priority is the student's success during the exams. There will be moments of boredom despite your willingness to go through the lessons - but with the right attitude, you can redirect you're your efforts to stay interested; after all, you invest time, money, and effort for your career.
Practical Aptitude
The PMP Exam Preparation tests your aptitude to respond to problems in the workplace. If you are naturally gifted with the ability to evaluate tricky situations and can assess how limited resources and manpower can be harnessed to get the desired effect, you will appreciate the lessons for the PMP exam. GIFTED OR NOT, you can still learn more during the preparations.
Another requirement spelled out is comprehension of written and verbal instructions. All instructions are useless if you cannot immediately understand instructions. Managers must have this practical aptitude to succeed in following and giving instructions. During the intensive preparation, this aptitude is tested to the limits.
As you ride along the lessons get more information and do research on the topics given to you. It helps to have more ideas from various experts in different fields. Perhaps, if you do take the PMP Exam Preparation, you have more ammunition to understand the whole preparation.
When Doing Self-Study
Discipline is the key to a successful preparation. Your attitude and aptitude makes it easy for you to be dedicated and disciplined. The long hours of study, the research, and absorbing all the lessons can drain your brain thus you need all the discipline you can get from within you.
There will be practice test to challenge to do better with different lessons as you progress with your PMP Exam Preparation. To get the best from your preparation and to ace those practice tests and eventually the big one, go for an institution that that meets the PMI's rigid requirements. A Registered Education Provider logo should alert you that you are getting one of the best - now that is attitude and aptitude at work.
Surviving the PMP Exam Preparations
Rome was not built in a day, so don't expect that you can have everything all at once pretty as you please. For the PMP exam, imagine law or medical school. This is not to scare you off but to help you cope the preparation rigors.
Is This Your First Attempt?
On the first time you prepare for the PMP Exam, you can drown in the overwhelming information, formulas, and lessons, all reminiscent of high school and college under the tutelage of demanding instructors; this time though on a different level. Forget about cheating, you won't be able to do this and what if you're found out?
This time too, you are determined to make the grade because of promised better job opportunities and compensation. The thought that 30% of first time candidates of the PMP Exam fail can diminish your resolve and your self confidence. Fact is the computerized test format is gruesome with 200 questions that must be answered within four hours.
For the test, there are 200 sticky questions. To make the situation stickier there are no wrong answers! You have to choose the best answer that befits the cataclysmic situation. If you are an engineer, you might be grappling with a foreign issue e.g. accounting; or if you are an accountant, you might be tortured to numbness by an engineering fiasco.
Now you are already shaking, but first things first. Don't scare yourself. The fear of failure can affect your performance. Beat this by assess you learning style. Do you learn faster by going it alone or do you flourish in a classroom environment? Do you prefer video lessons or do you love to read and write what you read until your brain absorbs the lessons? When you know what's best for you, go for it.
Before the PMP Exam
Long before the PMP exam, prepare all the documents you need. Let family members do the job of looking up exam schedules and venues, and getting what you need for your lessons because time away from your studies at the start of the course can break your momentum.
In midstream, a little voice will tell you to go over something you find difficult. Follow that voice because it is a warning that this is your weak area. Master that and if you don't well, expect it to appear on the test questions. This usually occurs when you're in midst of the preparation. Follow that hunch and don't be satisfied with a so-so understanding. Master it.
During the preparations for the PMP Exam, get physical and go to bed on regular hours to get enough sleep. Regular exercise and enough restful sleep make you mentally alert, creative, and your memory retention increases. The regimen will help you stick to your study plan, no matter how tedious it can be.
Two days before the PMP exam, hit the gym to release all the tension and ease those knotty muscles, but avoid exercising late in the night because you'll find it difficult to sleep; avoid alcohol, eat healthy, and relax your mind to your favorite music. The day before the exam, go over some video taped lessons just for a refresher but don't sweat the whole thing. When the brain is taxed, it reacts by forgetting the things you should remember, so relax and enjoy the day.
Is This Your First Attempt?
On the first time you prepare for the PMP Exam, you can drown in the overwhelming information, formulas, and lessons, all reminiscent of high school and college under the tutelage of demanding instructors; this time though on a different level. Forget about cheating, you won't be able to do this and what if you're found out?
This time too, you are determined to make the grade because of promised better job opportunities and compensation. The thought that 30% of first time candidates of the PMP Exam fail can diminish your resolve and your self confidence. Fact is the computerized test format is gruesome with 200 questions that must be answered within four hours.
For the test, there are 200 sticky questions. To make the situation stickier there are no wrong answers! You have to choose the best answer that befits the cataclysmic situation. If you are an engineer, you might be grappling with a foreign issue e.g. accounting; or if you are an accountant, you might be tortured to numbness by an engineering fiasco.
Now you are already shaking, but first things first. Don't scare yourself. The fear of failure can affect your performance. Beat this by assess you learning style. Do you learn faster by going it alone or do you flourish in a classroom environment? Do you prefer video lessons or do you love to read and write what you read until your brain absorbs the lessons? When you know what's best for you, go for it.
Before the PMP Exam
Long before the PMP exam, prepare all the documents you need. Let family members do the job of looking up exam schedules and venues, and getting what you need for your lessons because time away from your studies at the start of the course can break your momentum.
In midstream, a little voice will tell you to go over something you find difficult. Follow that voice because it is a warning that this is your weak area. Master that and if you don't well, expect it to appear on the test questions. This usually occurs when you're in midst of the preparation. Follow that hunch and don't be satisfied with a so-so understanding. Master it.
During the preparations for the PMP Exam, get physical and go to bed on regular hours to get enough sleep. Regular exercise and enough restful sleep make you mentally alert, creative, and your memory retention increases. The regimen will help you stick to your study plan, no matter how tedious it can be.
Two days before the PMP exam, hit the gym to release all the tension and ease those knotty muscles, but avoid exercising late in the night because you'll find it difficult to sleep; avoid alcohol, eat healthy, and relax your mind to your favorite music. The day before the exam, go over some video taped lessons just for a refresher but don't sweat the whole thing. When the brain is taxed, it reacts by forgetting the things you should remember, so relax and enjoy the day.
Memory Boosters For Your PMP Exam Prepration
You are what you eat. You probably heard that from avid vegetarians and pescatarians who swear by the benefits of fruits and vegetables and fish in keeping the mind and body healthy. Well, it never hurts to try something new especially when it comes to helping you during the grueling PMP exam prepration.
With that being said, here are the memory-boosting foods that will help your brain cope with the myriad of information and formulas to be digested from the thick PMBOK.
Berries Galore
Yes, those lowly berries actually are food for the brain! Of course, the red and purple berries are the best kinds because these are rich in phytochemicals that are good for your PMP exam prep-stressed mind.
Blueberries, cherries and strawberries are good bets. Blueberries and cherries are good sources of the phytochemical known as anthocyanin, which are proven memory boosters. Also, you will be lowering your risk for cancer, diabetes and bacterial infections when you eat plenty of these fruits. And who does not want to live longer to enjoy the benefits of success?
Strawberries, on the other hand, produce fisetin that stimulates the pathways where signals travel through the brain. In layman's terms, you are enhancing your long-term memory capacity, which is very important during the period from the PMP exam prep to the exam proper itself.
Grapes and Apples
Yes, the symbols of abundance and of temptation definitely are good for you! Grapes, no matter if these are red, black, green and purple, contain quercetin and anthocyanin, which are important antioxidants. However, you can always opt to drink one glass of wine a day to approximate the nutrients you will be getting from fresh grapes. Remember, just one glass a day because you want to be sober, not drunk while engaged in your PMP exam prep.As for apples, the temptation to opt for quick snacks like junk foods can be lessened with this yummy fruit. Not only will you have a better memory, you might even be lowering your risks for Alzheimer's disease!
Dark, Leafy Green Vegetables
Remember when your mother used to remind you to eat your vegetables because they will make you happy and bright? Well, motherly advice and folklore aside, scientific studies have indeed proven that dark, leafy green vegetables can make you happier and smarter!
Well, it's not too late to start with your PMP exam prep. You can add more servings of spinach, broccoli, and asparagus to enhance your memory capacity, not to mention provide you with the nutrients to keep healthy even amidst the craziness of the preparation and the examination!
Other vegetables like onions, red beets and eggplants can be added to your diet. The point is to stay away from junk foods and fast foods that are bad for your health; you will need all the health and help you can get during this period of your life.
Fish and More Fish
If you are the steaks kind of person, you had better start eating more fish. Studies have shown that omega 3 oils, which are abundant in fatty fishes like salmon and tuna, reduces cell inflammation. This, in turn, helps in preventing memory decline. (On a side note, that probably explains why the Japanese are one of the least forgetful people in the world).Ultimately, your success during the PMP exam prep will depend on your dedication and determination. However, it does not hurt to feed your mind and body the right foods to fuel your dedication and determination!
With that being said, here are the memory-boosting foods that will help your brain cope with the myriad of information and formulas to be digested from the thick PMBOK.
Berries Galore
Yes, those lowly berries actually are food for the brain! Of course, the red and purple berries are the best kinds because these are rich in phytochemicals that are good for your PMP exam prep-stressed mind.
Blueberries, cherries and strawberries are good bets. Blueberries and cherries are good sources of the phytochemical known as anthocyanin, which are proven memory boosters. Also, you will be lowering your risk for cancer, diabetes and bacterial infections when you eat plenty of these fruits. And who does not want to live longer to enjoy the benefits of success?
Strawberries, on the other hand, produce fisetin that stimulates the pathways where signals travel through the brain. In layman's terms, you are enhancing your long-term memory capacity, which is very important during the period from the PMP exam prep to the exam proper itself.
Grapes and Apples
Yes, the symbols of abundance and of temptation definitely are good for you! Grapes, no matter if these are red, black, green and purple, contain quercetin and anthocyanin, which are important antioxidants. However, you can always opt to drink one glass of wine a day to approximate the nutrients you will be getting from fresh grapes. Remember, just one glass a day because you want to be sober, not drunk while engaged in your PMP exam prep.As for apples, the temptation to opt for quick snacks like junk foods can be lessened with this yummy fruit. Not only will you have a better memory, you might even be lowering your risks for Alzheimer's disease!
Dark, Leafy Green Vegetables
Remember when your mother used to remind you to eat your vegetables because they will make you happy and bright? Well, motherly advice and folklore aside, scientific studies have indeed proven that dark, leafy green vegetables can make you happier and smarter!
Well, it's not too late to start with your PMP exam prep. You can add more servings of spinach, broccoli, and asparagus to enhance your memory capacity, not to mention provide you with the nutrients to keep healthy even amidst the craziness of the preparation and the examination!
Other vegetables like onions, red beets and eggplants can be added to your diet. The point is to stay away from junk foods and fast foods that are bad for your health; you will need all the health and help you can get during this period of your life.
Fish and More Fish
If you are the steaks kind of person, you had better start eating more fish. Studies have shown that omega 3 oils, which are abundant in fatty fishes like salmon and tuna, reduces cell inflammation. This, in turn, helps in preventing memory decline. (On a side note, that probably explains why the Japanese are one of the least forgetful people in the world).Ultimately, your success during the PMP exam prep will depend on your dedication and determination. However, it does not hurt to feed your mind and body the right foods to fuel your dedication and determination!
Friday, May 8, 2009
ITIL Foundation Certification Examination Taking Tips
The EXIN or ISEB ITIL Foundation examination comprises of 40 multiple choices questions where an answer out of 4 possible answers given has to be selected. One mark is given for a correct answer and no marks are deducted for an incorrect answer. Time allocated is 1 hour and a score of at least 26 marks out of 40 is needed to pass.
Many may dread the idea of having to sit for an examination and perform below par even though they may be sufficiently prepared for the examination through self study or have attended a formal training course.
These are the tips that I typically share with the participants of the ITIL Foundation course before they sit for the ITIL Foundation certification examinations. Most have found these tips useful.
1. You have 60 minutes to answer 40 questions. This works out to 1.5 minutes per question. This is more than enough time. Therefore, no need to rush, take your time.
2. It is natural to be a little bit nervous in the beginning, therefore it is a good practice to relax a little. Attempt the easy questions first, followed by the questions that are more difficult. If you are skipping questions, make sure you mark your answers correctly next to the question number in the answer sheet or form.
3. There are always a few tricky questions within the 40 questions. Do not panic if you do not know the answers to these few questions. You can still pass the exam and get your certification.
4. Many candidates are making the wrong choice because they did not clearly understand what was asked in the question. One key tip is that you have to read the question carefully.
5. Look for the KEYWORDS in the questions and answers. Most of the time, they will lead you to the right choice. Sometimes the answer is simpler than you think!
6. It could be that you have implemented ITIL or IT Service Management different from the book. This examination is based on the ITIL books. Therefore for this one hour: forget your experience!
7. Be extra careful when the question has words like "best," "most accurate," "most closely." It indicates that multiple options in this question are (somewhat) right. There is however only one answer that is the most complete and therefore the BEST.
8. Be extra careful when the question has word "NOT" in it.
9. If you do not know what is right, it helps when you start with what is wrong. Narrow down the possibilities by eliminating some answer(s) that you know is/are wrong.
10. If you have to make a guess, it is a good practice NOT to change the answer later (unless you absolutely know the answer after some careful thought). In other words: if you need to make a guess, do not guess again! Your intuition is often right the first time.
With the above tips, hopefully you will do the best you can for your examinations.
Many may dread the idea of having to sit for an examination and perform below par even though they may be sufficiently prepared for the examination through self study or have attended a formal training course.
These are the tips that I typically share with the participants of the ITIL Foundation course before they sit for the ITIL Foundation certification examinations. Most have found these tips useful.
1. You have 60 minutes to answer 40 questions. This works out to 1.5 minutes per question. This is more than enough time. Therefore, no need to rush, take your time.
2. It is natural to be a little bit nervous in the beginning, therefore it is a good practice to relax a little. Attempt the easy questions first, followed by the questions that are more difficult. If you are skipping questions, make sure you mark your answers correctly next to the question number in the answer sheet or form.
3. There are always a few tricky questions within the 40 questions. Do not panic if you do not know the answers to these few questions. You can still pass the exam and get your certification.
4. Many candidates are making the wrong choice because they did not clearly understand what was asked in the question. One key tip is that you have to read the question carefully.
5. Look for the KEYWORDS in the questions and answers. Most of the time, they will lead you to the right choice. Sometimes the answer is simpler than you think!
6. It could be that you have implemented ITIL or IT Service Management different from the book. This examination is based on the ITIL books. Therefore for this one hour: forget your experience!
7. Be extra careful when the question has words like "best," "most accurate," "most closely." It indicates that multiple options in this question are (somewhat) right. There is however only one answer that is the most complete and therefore the BEST.
8. Be extra careful when the question has word "NOT" in it.
9. If you do not know what is right, it helps when you start with what is wrong. Narrow down the possibilities by eliminating some answer(s) that you know is/are wrong.
10. If you have to make a guess, it is a good practice NOT to change the answer later (unless you absolutely know the answer after some careful thought). In other words: if you need to make a guess, do not guess again! Your intuition is often right the first time.
With the above tips, hopefully you will do the best you can for your examinations.
Changing Your Career With an MCSA Certification
Among Microsoft various system certifications, the Microsoft Certified Server Administrator certification is among the most highly-sought. Individuals who complete the requirements for this certification have demonstrated an uncommon knowledge of the workings and administration of Microsoft's Server 2000 and Server 2003 platforms. For those who wish to expand their knowledge and increase their earning potential within a company or to change career, there are few more useful courses of study.
The MCSA program is somewhat different than the MCSE, the latter being the certification most often held by the best contractors who set up and deploy the Microsoft Server 2000 and Server 2003 technologies. Unlike an MCSE, an individual with an MCSA is an expert in operating the server technologies, is familiar with the best ways to deploy their various features and has an in-depth knowledge of the networking, security and function of server operating systems. The principal difference is that individuals with an MCSA are not typically responsible for designing the architecture or coordinating the actual implementation of a server running Server 2000 or 2003 but are, rather, concerned with keeping those systems running at their most efficient and with installing and maintaining the various components that allow a company to tailor those systems to their specific needs.
For employers, the MCSA certification is a guarantee that the individual bearing it is qualified to handle just about any server administration issue. The certification, in fact, is designed to offer some differentiation between individuals who are at the top levels of the IT world. While an MCSE is usually called upon as an outside contractor to deploy Windows Server technologies, the MCSA is usually a staff person. When trying to find individuals who can fill the specific role of a server administrator, consider an MCSA certification a reason to have great confidence in their abilities.
MCSA certified individuals usually have a specialization, in addition to their broader certification. One of two specializations will be carried by individuals with MCSA certifications: security or messaging. Those individuals with the security specialization may also have passed tests that deal with specific security issues. MCSA Security specialists are an asset for any company and can help keep a company's system as secure from outside and inside threats as possible. MSCA messaging specialization certifications denote those individuals who have a significant knowledge of Server 2000 and Server 2003's various mail server components. Exchange Server is the most frequently-used email server program by those companies that use Microsoft Server products. MCSA's who have studied this program in depth understand the deployment, maintenance and workings of this email server to a degree that ensures that a company enjoys the best possible support for its email servers.
The MCSA certification is offered by many different Microsoft partners, many of whom offer the coursework online. This certification is often a stepping stone to the more advanced MCSE certification, though the earning potential of an MCSA certified tech is more than enough reason to pursue the certification. This certification will really help you change career.
The MCSA program is somewhat different than the MCSE, the latter being the certification most often held by the best contractors who set up and deploy the Microsoft Server 2000 and Server 2003 technologies. Unlike an MCSE, an individual with an MCSA is an expert in operating the server technologies, is familiar with the best ways to deploy their various features and has an in-depth knowledge of the networking, security and function of server operating systems. The principal difference is that individuals with an MCSA are not typically responsible for designing the architecture or coordinating the actual implementation of a server running Server 2000 or 2003 but are, rather, concerned with keeping those systems running at their most efficient and with installing and maintaining the various components that allow a company to tailor those systems to their specific needs.
For employers, the MCSA certification is a guarantee that the individual bearing it is qualified to handle just about any server administration issue. The certification, in fact, is designed to offer some differentiation between individuals who are at the top levels of the IT world. While an MCSE is usually called upon as an outside contractor to deploy Windows Server technologies, the MCSA is usually a staff person. When trying to find individuals who can fill the specific role of a server administrator, consider an MCSA certification a reason to have great confidence in their abilities.
MCSA certified individuals usually have a specialization, in addition to their broader certification. One of two specializations will be carried by individuals with MCSA certifications: security or messaging. Those individuals with the security specialization may also have passed tests that deal with specific security issues. MCSA Security specialists are an asset for any company and can help keep a company's system as secure from outside and inside threats as possible. MSCA messaging specialization certifications denote those individuals who have a significant knowledge of Server 2000 and Server 2003's various mail server components. Exchange Server is the most frequently-used email server program by those companies that use Microsoft Server products. MCSA's who have studied this program in depth understand the deployment, maintenance and workings of this email server to a degree that ensures that a company enjoys the best possible support for its email servers.
The MCSA certification is offered by many different Microsoft partners, many of whom offer the coursework online. This certification is often a stepping stone to the more advanced MCSE certification, though the earning potential of an MCSA certified tech is more than enough reason to pursue the certification. This certification will really help you change career.
Chasing the PMP Certification Exam
Professionals from different fields covet the PMP Certification Exam not merely for increased compensation but for the respect it commands because this proves they have the mettle to handle project management on levels of excellence.
Begin the Chase with Self-Evaluation
The chase for the PMP Certification Exam begins with an assessment of your present skills and your qualifications to take the PMP course. If you have a bachelors degree, you must have three years experience in project management or an equivalent of 4500 hours. If you are a high school graduate or have a technical diploma and five years or 7500 hours of project management experience, you set the next stage of the chase.
This experience must include actual project direction, initiation, project planning and management, monitoring and project closing. This is verified through your documentation of the projects you have led and managed. Without these, you cannot qualify for a PMP Certification Exam and you waste your time and effort making inquiries. If you qualify, your application is immediately processed.
Choose Your Training Course
There are several institutions providing PMP training; be sure that the course you are going to take meets PMI's rigid standards for the training. Online sites offering these courses display the PMP registered certification mark; this is one way to detect the reliability of the site or service provider. A PMP training course should be equivalent to 35 hours and you can choose to self-study or sign up for a classroom course.
Choose Membership
Opting for a membership with the PMI will save you $150 on exam cost. By signing up online, you pay $119 and an additional cost of $20 or $30 for chapter membership in North America. This is not mandatory, but you get more perks as a member.
Application and Acceptance
Online registration applications for the PMP Certification Exam course are free and are processed immediately. You get your Authorization to Test after five working days. By this time you have been at your lessons and ready for a pre-test of what you have learned.
Test Site
There are several test sites for the candidates of the elusive PMP Certification Exam. Choose the one nearest your home to avoid the hassles and the stress of making it to the test site an hour before examination time.
Schedule Your PMP Exam
The best time to schedule your exam is preferably two weeks between the end of your course and the exam date. There are several preparations to do before the exam, hence the time gap but it is preferred to take the exam nearest to the closing of your lessons when you are at your peak. Some providers provide all the exam tools needed to help you prepare for the PMP Exam and earn that PMP Certification Exam.
Take Sample Exams
Take the sample exams until you bat an average of 90%, don't settle for less if you want to pass the test. Answer all questions from the PMI mindset and don't leave any blanks. An unanswered question is deemed a wrong answer so answer all the questions. Learn how to time the exam in the pace of four hours so you can gauge how you are going during the test to earn that PMP Certification Exam.
Overview and Benefits of American College Certifications
American College Certifications Overview:
This is a decades old institute that has carved a name and a great reputation for itself over the 82 years that it has been running. It convenes itself with activities related to the training and development of finance service professionals. It is the boost up they need career-wise and it is recognised world over.
American College Certification Benefits:
Due to it's decades long history, the American college has not only won a reliable reputation, but secured the best industry contacts. Advice is drawn from the best at brokerages, banks and insurance companies. So the matter is always up to date and relevant. It is always in tune with the current financial situations and prepares you directly for the real professional world. So once you get the certification, you are recognised as someone who is aware of the current developments in that field.
The American college seeks to raise the level of professionalism of the students associated with it. And as such it is a great opportunity to be counted as one of the best. In the financial services, at what one does.The American college is a non profit education institute, so it is committed to its goals of bettering the student experience. It has a great support structure in place for students to rely on as they give their exams. It gives one access to the mock tests, additional information and study material, and also acts as a platform for interaction between the students and the professional faculty.
The American college offers a chartered finance consultant certification that caters specifically to this niche group. So if you are headed down this path, in your career, this is the best way to get recognised, valued and established. It is the best way to make yourself heard, and to validate the knowledge that you already have.
This is a decades old institute that has carved a name and a great reputation for itself over the 82 years that it has been running. It convenes itself with activities related to the training and development of finance service professionals. It is the boost up they need career-wise and it is recognised world over.
American College Certification Benefits:
Due to it's decades long history, the American college has not only won a reliable reputation, but secured the best industry contacts. Advice is drawn from the best at brokerages, banks and insurance companies. So the matter is always up to date and relevant. It is always in tune with the current financial situations and prepares you directly for the real professional world. So once you get the certification, you are recognised as someone who is aware of the current developments in that field.
The American college seeks to raise the level of professionalism of the students associated with it. And as such it is a great opportunity to be counted as one of the best. In the financial services, at what one does.The American college is a non profit education institute, so it is committed to its goals of bettering the student experience. It has a great support structure in place for students to rely on as they give their exams. It gives one access to the mock tests, additional information and study material, and also acts as a platform for interaction between the students and the professional faculty.
The American college offers a chartered finance consultant certification that caters specifically to this niche group. So if you are headed down this path, in your career, this is the best way to get recognised, valued and established. It is the best way to make yourself heard, and to validate the knowledge that you already have.
Studying CCNA CBT Courses and Getting Your Foot Through the Door
If you want to pursue a career in network administration, then you'll need to become a Cisco Certified Network Associate. You can do this by taking a CCNA CBT course and then passing the exam. This exam is designed for entry level network administrators, who are then rewarded with their certificates upon passing.
In addition to receiving the certification, entry level Associates also need some training and experience. You can receive your training online through watching a series of CCNA training videos. You can take the knowledge that you receive from the training courses and videos and then begin practicing. By practicing, you can get some hands on experience that will come in handy for your career.
One way you can practice with what you learn from your CCNA CBT course is by using simulators. Don't depend on them completely, though. You still need to get some actual hands on experience whenever you can. Any kind of real experience will look good on your job resume. If you want to work as a freelance administrator then you'll still need to know what you're doing before providing your services to clients.
It's a good idea to watch as many CCNA training videos that you can. You'll actually be able to see, step by step, everything that you'll need to practice doing yourself. Another way you can begin practicing is by buying up all the used routers and any other equipment you can find. Just as an artist or a writer keeps a portfolio to show to potential clients, you should as well.
Sometimes CCNA CBT course and class instructors go the extra mile in helping students they are impressed with. Try proving yourself and your worth not only as a promising student, but as an up and coming network administrator as well. Let your instructors know that you mean business, and that you're taking your lessons seriously. Study all the material your course presents you with, and more. Make sure you know everything like the back of your hand.
Keep in mind that there are other computer courses out there, along with CCNA CBT. While being a Cisco Certified Network Associate is very rewarding, you should also study other courses as well. The more you understand about computers and technology, the better. By having other certifications, you'll be increasing your chances of getting your foot through the door, and before you know it, you'll be successful!
In addition to receiving the certification, entry level Associates also need some training and experience. You can receive your training online through watching a series of CCNA training videos. You can take the knowledge that you receive from the training courses and videos and then begin practicing. By practicing, you can get some hands on experience that will come in handy for your career.
One way you can practice with what you learn from your CCNA CBT course is by using simulators. Don't depend on them completely, though. You still need to get some actual hands on experience whenever you can. Any kind of real experience will look good on your job resume. If you want to work as a freelance administrator then you'll still need to know what you're doing before providing your services to clients.
It's a good idea to watch as many CCNA training videos that you can. You'll actually be able to see, step by step, everything that you'll need to practice doing yourself. Another way you can begin practicing is by buying up all the used routers and any other equipment you can find. Just as an artist or a writer keeps a portfolio to show to potential clients, you should as well.
Sometimes CCNA CBT course and class instructors go the extra mile in helping students they are impressed with. Try proving yourself and your worth not only as a promising student, but as an up and coming network administrator as well. Let your instructors know that you mean business, and that you're taking your lessons seriously. Study all the material your course presents you with, and more. Make sure you know everything like the back of your hand.
Keep in mind that there are other computer courses out there, along with CCNA CBT. While being a Cisco Certified Network Associate is very rewarding, you should also study other courses as well. The more you understand about computers and technology, the better. By having other certifications, you'll be increasing your chances of getting your foot through the door, and before you know it, you'll be successful!
Studying CCNA CBT Courses and Getting Your Foot Through the Door
If you want to pursue a career in network administration, then you'll need to become a Cisco Certified Network Associate. You can do this by taking a CCNA CBT course and then passing the exam. This exam is designed for entry level network administrators, who are then rewarded with their certificates upon passing.
In addition to receiving the certification, entry level Associates also need some training and experience. You can receive your training online through watching a series of CCNA training videos. You can take the knowledge that you receive from the training courses and videos and then begin practicing. By practicing, you can get some hands on experience that will come in handy for your career.
One way you can practice with what you learn from your CCNA CBT course is by using simulators. Don't depend on them completely, though. You still need to get some actual hands on experience whenever you can. Any kind of real experience will look good on your job resume. If you want to work as a freelance administrator then you'll still need to know what you're doing before providing your services to clients.
It's a good idea to watch as many CCNA training videos that you can. You'll actually be able to see, step by step, everything that you'll need to practice doing yourself. Another way you can begin practicing is by buying up all the used routers and any other equipment you can find. Just as an artist or a writer keeps a portfolio to show to potential clients, you should as well.
Sometimes CCNA CBT course and class instructors go the extra mile in helping students they are impressed with. Try proving yourself and your worth not only as a promising student, but as an up and coming network administrator as well. Let your instructors know that you mean business, and that you're taking your lessons seriously. Study all the material your course presents you with, and more. Make sure you know everything like the back of your hand.
Keep in mind that there are other computer courses out there, along with CCNA CBT. While being a Cisco Certified Network Associate is very rewarding, you should also study other courses as well. The more you understand about computers and technology, the better. By having other certifications, you'll be increasing your chances of getting your foot through the door, and before you know it, you'll be successful!
Benefits of Adobe Certifications
Adobe certification is by a large is the only company that focuses in the Art and design. Its sole energy is to concentrate on the creativity and originality aspect. Their customer service is just as well taken care of and considered a well balanced and unbiased.
Benefits:
Receiving your certification is a very important part of your career and it won't be long when the benefits of your hard earned work will show its colors. The first major change you will notice will be within yourself, your self confidence. In a short span of time your lack of self reliance will be replaced by complete buoyancy and when you come to the office every day the personal satisfaction you feel and deserve will be quite empowering. Your commitment to your profession will enhance and there will be definitely something impressive and innovative in your share of plate.
After your poise has turned to its original place the raise in your salary should be anticipated and better future prospects are expected. Your responsibilities would be increased and it will give you more opportunities to develop your strengths and diminish your weakness. The structure of your work would be more or less the same as your certifications module. Reasoning your objectives and making an outline of your projects will come straight out of the text you have learned. After submitting your project on time and in budget your supervisors will not only acknowledge, but your peers and clients will give you the proper recognition and consider you as part of their team.
Lastly, to gather up your benefits your skill and knowledge will vastly improve and you will be able to make a perfect progression into your related certifications. Our experts and professionals agree to get yourself noticed and appreciated that piece of paper will do wonders to your career in 15 years from now.
Benefits:
Receiving your certification is a very important part of your career and it won't be long when the benefits of your hard earned work will show its colors. The first major change you will notice will be within yourself, your self confidence. In a short span of time your lack of self reliance will be replaced by complete buoyancy and when you come to the office every day the personal satisfaction you feel and deserve will be quite empowering. Your commitment to your profession will enhance and there will be definitely something impressive and innovative in your share of plate.
After your poise has turned to its original place the raise in your salary should be anticipated and better future prospects are expected. Your responsibilities would be increased and it will give you more opportunities to develop your strengths and diminish your weakness. The structure of your work would be more or less the same as your certifications module. Reasoning your objectives and making an outline of your projects will come straight out of the text you have learned. After submitting your project on time and in budget your supervisors will not only acknowledge, but your peers and clients will give you the proper recognition and consider you as part of their team.
Lastly, to gather up your benefits your skill and knowledge will vastly improve and you will be able to make a perfect progression into your related certifications. Our experts and professionals agree to get yourself noticed and appreciated that piece of paper will do wonders to your career in 15 years from now.
Check Point Certifications
Reputation:
Check Point Certifications is known for its worldwide value and has over 50,000 certified and a CRN Magazine ranked CCSA and CCSE as two of the top certifications with the best return on investment (ROI).
Benefits:
By obtaining your certification you are showing to your peers and your colleagues that you are committed to your profession and are working hard for the betterment of your career. In the field of IT university degrees may not be enough and by developing that extra knowledge yourself image will get a quite a boost. Your average self-esteem will begin to be replaced by soaring self-confidence and everyday you'll learn something exceptionally innovative and productive.
Certification establishes your professional credentials and sets you apart as having an individual accomplishment and it will stand above in your resume and follow through your personal achievements. Your career opportunities will also advance since it would show everyone that you can adapt to work, changing world of technology, and new business practices. You also have more chance of earning potentially well rather than someone who has not yet received their certification.
Your job responsibilities will expand, but only for the better because of the hard work you put in will prove to everyone that you are serious about your work practice. The task performance in a due course will sharpen up and you'll be able to deal with all the daily routine work on time and in budget. Your peers and colleagues will give you much needed appreciation and your supervisor will definitely give you a pat on your shoulder. Our experts and professionals agree without a proper certification you wouldn't survive much long in the IT sector; therefore acquiring the right certification at the appropriate time matters a great deal.
If you have any queries or suggestions please free to contact us at.
We will pleased to help you with any problem you may have.
Check Point Certifications is known for its worldwide value and has over 50,000 certified and a CRN Magazine ranked CCSA and CCSE as two of the top certifications with the best return on investment (ROI).
Benefits:
By obtaining your certification you are showing to your peers and your colleagues that you are committed to your profession and are working hard for the betterment of your career. In the field of IT university degrees may not be enough and by developing that extra knowledge yourself image will get a quite a boost. Your average self-esteem will begin to be replaced by soaring self-confidence and everyday you'll learn something exceptionally innovative and productive.
Certification establishes your professional credentials and sets you apart as having an individual accomplishment and it will stand above in your resume and follow through your personal achievements. Your career opportunities will also advance since it would show everyone that you can adapt to work, changing world of technology, and new business practices. You also have more chance of earning potentially well rather than someone who has not yet received their certification.
Your job responsibilities will expand, but only for the better because of the hard work you put in will prove to everyone that you are serious about your work practice. The task performance in a due course will sharpen up and you'll be able to deal with all the daily routine work on time and in budget. Your peers and colleagues will give you much needed appreciation and your supervisor will definitely give you a pat on your shoulder. Our experts and professionals agree without a proper certification you wouldn't survive much long in the IT sector; therefore acquiring the right certification at the appropriate time matters a great deal.
If you have any queries or suggestions please free to contact us at.
We will pleased to help you with any problem you may have.
Benifits of HP certification
Reputation:
HP certification is a well renowned corporation known for its credibility and has made a complete niche in the market. HP is one of the few companies that were in the commencement of the IT era and are still on the top of the list of technologies at its best. Their resilient behavior to their establishment speaks volume about the loyalty they encompass to the employees, clients, and customers.
Benefits:
With passing of HP certifications your lack of confidence will be replaced by complete authority figure and the certainty you project in yourself that you have given your best performance possible. The personal satisfaction is absolutely guaranteed since no matter where your career takes you will have definitely groomed yourself to the one the finest HP certified. Your dedication and commitment to your profession will become stronger and definitely intact.
The increase in your salary will be another addition to the list of all your added reimbursements. The scope will become wider and there'll be utility available for you to ponder over and make it fit according to your needs. Your future outlook will further enhance when your tasks and responsibilities will have reached it pinnacle. The presentations will develop into an astounding show of talent and integrity. The tools and methods you use will come straight out of your certifications and may build up as you grow in your career. Your colleagues and clients will applaud your ability to do so well and recommend you to their supervisors.
You're Skill and knowledge will be in far better position and your future projects will turn into a total piece of a startling element. Our experts and professionals agree you may have all the experience required, but just to put the icing on the cake you need to pay attention to these major details.
HP certification is a well renowned corporation known for its credibility and has made a complete niche in the market. HP is one of the few companies that were in the commencement of the IT era and are still on the top of the list of technologies at its best. Their resilient behavior to their establishment speaks volume about the loyalty they encompass to the employees, clients, and customers.
Benefits:
With passing of HP certifications your lack of confidence will be replaced by complete authority figure and the certainty you project in yourself that you have given your best performance possible. The personal satisfaction is absolutely guaranteed since no matter where your career takes you will have definitely groomed yourself to the one the finest HP certified. Your dedication and commitment to your profession will become stronger and definitely intact.
The increase in your salary will be another addition to the list of all your added reimbursements. The scope will become wider and there'll be utility available for you to ponder over and make it fit according to your needs. Your future outlook will further enhance when your tasks and responsibilities will have reached it pinnacle. The presentations will develop into an astounding show of talent and integrity. The tools and methods you use will come straight out of your certifications and may build up as you grow in your career. Your colleagues and clients will applaud your ability to do so well and recommend you to their supervisors.
You're Skill and knowledge will be in far better position and your future projects will turn into a total piece of a startling element. Our experts and professionals agree you may have all the experience required, but just to put the icing on the cake you need to pay attention to these major details.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
HISTORY of Linux and Minix
The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in the 1960s and first released in 1970. Its wide availability and portability meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.
The GNU Project, started in 1984 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system"made entirely of free software. The next year Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.
LEARNING ABOUT MINIX
in 1991 while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX,which would eventually become the Linux kernel.
Linux was dependent on the MINIX user space at first. With code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL.[12] Developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.
Today Linux distributions are used in numerous domains, from embedded systems to supercomputers,and have secured a place in server installations with the popular LAMP application stack.[15] Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been expanding.They have also gained in popularity with governments such that the governments have decided to use them in their computers. The federal government of Brazil is well known for its support for Linux.News of the Russian military creating their own Linux distribution has also surfaced.India has gone so far as to make it mandatory for all state high schools to run Linux on their computers.China, France, and Germany have also taken steps in its adoption.
Linux distributions have also become popular with the newly founded netbook market, with many devices such as the ASUS Eee PC and Acer Aspire One shipping with customized Linux distributions pre-installed.
A Linux-based system can be controlled by one or more of a text-based command line interface (CLI), graphical user interface (GUI) (usually the default for desktop), or through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines).On desktop machines, KDE, GNOME and Xfce are the most popular user interfaces,though a variety of other user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces run on top of the X Window System (X), which provides network transparency, enabling a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another.
Other GUIs include X window managers such as FVWM, Enlightenment and Window Maker. The window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X window system.A Linux system typically provides a CLI of some sort through a shell, which is the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. A “headless system” run without even a monitor can be controlled by the command line via a remote-control protocol such as SSH or telnet.Most low-level Linux components, including the GNU Userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphical terminal emulator program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop.
LINUX DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open source software licenses are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU project.
Linux based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX,SUS,ISO and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.
Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
A Linux distribution, commonly called a "distro", is a project that manages a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows the user to adapt the operating system to his/her specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution can be installed using a CD that contains distribution-specific software for initial system installation and configuration. A package manager such as Synaptic allows later package upgrades and installs. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole.
The GNU Project, started in 1984 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system"made entirely of free software. The next year Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.
LEARNING ABOUT MINIX
in 1991 while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX,which would eventually become the Linux kernel.
Linux was dependent on the MINIX user space at first. With code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL.[12] Developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.
Today Linux distributions are used in numerous domains, from embedded systems to supercomputers,and have secured a place in server installations with the popular LAMP application stack.[15] Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been expanding.They have also gained in popularity with governments such that the governments have decided to use them in their computers. The federal government of Brazil is well known for its support for Linux.News of the Russian military creating their own Linux distribution has also surfaced.India has gone so far as to make it mandatory for all state high schools to run Linux on their computers.China, France, and Germany have also taken steps in its adoption.
Linux distributions have also become popular with the newly founded netbook market, with many devices such as the ASUS Eee PC and Acer Aspire One shipping with customized Linux distributions pre-installed.
A Linux-based system can be controlled by one or more of a text-based command line interface (CLI), graphical user interface (GUI) (usually the default for desktop), or through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines).On desktop machines, KDE, GNOME and Xfce are the most popular user interfaces,though a variety of other user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces run on top of the X Window System (X), which provides network transparency, enabling a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another.
Other GUIs include X window managers such as FVWM, Enlightenment and Window Maker. The window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X window system.A Linux system typically provides a CLI of some sort through a shell, which is the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. A “headless system” run without even a monitor can be controlled by the command line via a remote-control protocol such as SSH or telnet.Most low-level Linux components, including the GNU Userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphical terminal emulator program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop.
LINUX DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open source software licenses are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU project.
Linux based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX,SUS,ISO and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.
Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
A Linux distribution, commonly called a "distro", is a project that manages a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows the user to adapt the operating system to his/her specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution can be installed using a CD that contains distribution-specific software for initial system installation and configuration. A package manager such as Synaptic allows later package upgrades and installs. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole.
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