The preparation of the certification of computer information technology can extend to free from spending hundreds of dollars and can sometimes run into the thousands. Students in this field of expert knowledge and the repair of the desktop and laptops want the best reliable training for a certificate available for the cost that is lowest. Price is important but do not want to sacrifice the quality of education for teaching computer science.
Is this what you want to launch concerning the online training for certification pertaining to information services to prepare a student to be considered in approving the examination in the first endeavor? Free education for a certificate of the computer can take you only so far. You will learn the foundations but you cannot pass an examination of official recognition until you have enough skilled education. Many websites will give free knowledge to draw inside, so you buy some material for training (study guides, online lessons and final practice tests).
Why have high paying U.S. dollars in online training or classroom on the information technology skills to better prepare for their final test? You can find lots of knowledge base material about certifications of the computer on the Internet that will completely prepare you for final review of documentation, when you inquire by actually searching. It is sometimes useful to obtain advice with someone who took the examination of IT documentation. You will have to spend a certain amount of money for higher and more professional certification examination education.
After you reached your level of a certificate concerning the training expertise status then you will be completely prepared to take a final examination? You may very well trained in the repair of the computer or operating system software and windows but not being able to pass your final test. Classroom and the questions in the final test of the practice may not be ready in the right proportion for a review of the certification, unless you consider the real test. The assessment of a certification is different from the rest of other examinations and preparation of evidence in information technology and this is why it is necessary to know material on the actual final test so that passing does not become an issue.
Is there such thing as a preparation for the examination of information technology on the computer and operating systems in the way of which you pass the test on your first try? There are very few resources available online or in the classroom where you can find the appropriate training of these skills. To know to pass an examination and study to apply where you acquired is an art that can also be learned. The qualifications required to obtain official recognition for the knowledge necessary of IT skills, can easily be collected using the best online material similar to the final test.
Do not think that all study materials and online lessons pertaining to practice exam questions are the same? The materials for this knowledge base may be outdated. Microsoft and other companies are updated constantly with new study material and questions in the exams, which are on the final. Microsoft and other companies of information technology will give up-to-date test questions in their system to perform better improvements. These companies of industry must be equipped with new knowledge. The structure of new issues also needs to charge for the material so the industry can keep companies like Microsoft an expert about all of this recent knowledge.
How to pass your certification examination relating to information technology? This is the question that all students should think about in order to develop a plan to conquer the computer? To get the training and skills about computers and IT data is good for knowledge. Receiving your examination training for certification will benefit you more with employers because they approve your certificate of qualification as a higher standard. Just having computer knowledge will not get you the job. Receiving a recognized certificate is vital and should be sought after because it can give you a high paying position.
Sunday, August 16, 2009
Certified Internet Webmaster(CIW)cource for web designer
CIW or Certified Internet Webmaster is a certification process for global web professionals. Given the tremendous growth of internet-based businesses, there has been a huge demand for web professionals in the past few years. As a result, the demand for qualified web professionals has led to a higher demand for CIW-qualified personnel. The course enables a professional to gain expertise and exposure to diverse areas such as project management, security and web management, and e-commerce. The course offers exposure to the most critical areas of being a complete web professional. The CIW certification is accredited by the Association of Internet Professionals and approved by the World Organization of Webmasters.
Certification & Process:
As far as the certification process is concerned, the tests for acquiring a CIW certification is not administered by any particular vendor and are therefore, vendor neutral. Additionally, the cut off marks for passing the tests are set at a high of 75%. This is a reasonably high standard for a certification, which also ensures a high credibility for the CIW qualification. The curriculum for CIW provides practical training in Internet technologies including website development, server administration and e-commerce. For taking the exams, a student has the choice of being trained at instructor-led training sites, or at home or office through the medium of conference calls, email or Web-based support. The exams are administered by Sylvan Prometric, an independent body that conducts these tests at their own centers. In the United States, the CIW certification program is offered by ProsoftTraining.
Types of Courses:
In terms of complexity, the CIW course is divided into three levels: Associate, Professional and Master. The initial requirement for the course requires the candidate to pass the CIW Foundations level. This level provides exposure to the fundamental areas of internet technologies, network infrastructure and HTML-based webpage creation. The course further offers specialization in four major areas of the internet management enterprise development, administration, website management, and designing. The following courses are the main programs offered under CIW:
- CIW Security Analyst Certification
- Master CIW Enterprise Developer Certification
- Master CIW Administrator Certification
- Fundamentals of databases
- CIW V5 Database Designer Specialist Certification
- Master CIW Designer Certification
- CIW Professional Certification
- CIW Associates Design Specialist Certification
- CIW Associates
Details of some of the CIW courses are listed below:
1. CIW Site Designer: This course runs for five days and offers exposure to designing, implementing and maintaining a web site with HTML and scripting languages.
2. CIW Server Administration: Spread over five days, this course enables students to gain exposure to managing internet and intranet structures for a large corporate. The course teaches techniques in managing news and mail servers, monitoring web server systems, and configuring e-business servers.
3. CIW E-Commerce Professional: E-commerce is a vibrant and dynamic part of transacting through the internet. This course helps students gain exposure to designing and implementing e-commerce web sites, understanding how customers place orders, analyzing their buying patterns and improving sales using e-commerce.
Certification & Process:
As far as the certification process is concerned, the tests for acquiring a CIW certification is not administered by any particular vendor and are therefore, vendor neutral. Additionally, the cut off marks for passing the tests are set at a high of 75%. This is a reasonably high standard for a certification, which also ensures a high credibility for the CIW qualification. The curriculum for CIW provides practical training in Internet technologies including website development, server administration and e-commerce. For taking the exams, a student has the choice of being trained at instructor-led training sites, or at home or office through the medium of conference calls, email or Web-based support. The exams are administered by Sylvan Prometric, an independent body that conducts these tests at their own centers. In the United States, the CIW certification program is offered by ProsoftTraining.
Types of Courses:
In terms of complexity, the CIW course is divided into three levels: Associate, Professional and Master. The initial requirement for the course requires the candidate to pass the CIW Foundations level. This level provides exposure to the fundamental areas of internet technologies, network infrastructure and HTML-based webpage creation. The course further offers specialization in four major areas of the internet management enterprise development, administration, website management, and designing. The following courses are the main programs offered under CIW:
- CIW Security Analyst Certification
- Master CIW Enterprise Developer Certification
- Master CIW Administrator Certification
- Fundamentals of databases
- CIW V5 Database Designer Specialist Certification
- Master CIW Designer Certification
- CIW Professional Certification
- CIW Associates Design Specialist Certification
- CIW Associates
Details of some of the CIW courses are listed below:
1. CIW Site Designer: This course runs for five days and offers exposure to designing, implementing and maintaining a web site with HTML and scripting languages.
2. CIW Server Administration: Spread over five days, this course enables students to gain exposure to managing internet and intranet structures for a large corporate. The course teaches techniques in managing news and mail servers, monitoring web server systems, and configuring e-business servers.
3. CIW E-Commerce Professional: E-commerce is a vibrant and dynamic part of transacting through the internet. This course helps students gain exposure to designing and implementing e-commerce web sites, understanding how customers place orders, analyzing their buying patterns and improving sales using e-commerce.
Microsoft Small Business Specialist certification
The Microsoft Small Business Specialist certification is designed to show that a company has proven experiencing in designing and implementing IT solutions for small businesses. It gives the company benefits that are only available to certified small business specialists including additional technical and sales support.
To gain the Small Business Specialist certification the company must first be a Microsoft partner. This can be either a registered partner or a Microsoft Certified Partner. Each has its own entry requirements that can be found on the Microsoft website. The company must also take a Microsoft Action Pack subscription and pass a Sales and marketing skills assessment. This is a small test that is taken online to verify that the applicant has the necessary knowledge to be able to sell appropriate IT solutions to small businesses.
The last requirement is that the company employs someone who has passed one of the required Microsoft technical exams. The most common exam to take is the Small Business server exam. Before switching to the 2008 exams this was the 70-282 Planning, Deploying, and Managing a Network Solution for the Small and Medium-Sized Business. With the 2008 exams you can now take the Windows Small Business Server 2008, Configuring certification.
When the requirements have been met you have access to several benefits including partner logos and specialist support. This gives you access to another level of support which includes 5 free incidents a year. There is also an active online community which you gain access to, this is helpful for resolving difficult technical issues and for getting help on selling solutions to small businesses.
To gain the Small Business Specialist certification the company must first be a Microsoft partner. This can be either a registered partner or a Microsoft Certified Partner. Each has its own entry requirements that can be found on the Microsoft website. The company must also take a Microsoft Action Pack subscription and pass a Sales and marketing skills assessment. This is a small test that is taken online to verify that the applicant has the necessary knowledge to be able to sell appropriate IT solutions to small businesses.
The last requirement is that the company employs someone who has passed one of the required Microsoft technical exams. The most common exam to take is the Small Business server exam. Before switching to the 2008 exams this was the 70-282 Planning, Deploying, and Managing a Network Solution for the Small and Medium-Sized Business. With the 2008 exams you can now take the Windows Small Business Server 2008, Configuring certification.
When the requirements have been met you have access to several benefits including partner logos and specialist support. This gives you access to another level of support which includes 5 free incidents a year. There is also an active online community which you gain access to, this is helpful for resolving difficult technical issues and for getting help on selling solutions to small businesses.
proven study systems for PMI and PMP exam
Undergoing the PMP test is among the greatest steps you will choose in your career and among the most intimidating. There appears to be a continuous exhibit of fact to squeeze into your head. But with detailed planning, you can be successful at the PMP exam with a small amount of stress.
The first thing you will require is a detailed study program. Evaluate your every day responsibilities; several individuals commit months to their books and push aside the other things they must execute daily. Beguilement kicks in; catching-up gets boring and intervenes with your studies. List your regular schedule then designate a time for study, generally one to two hours. By setting up a program, you have made your study time for each day.
There are a lot of hurdles you can let your brain jump over prior to starting. By restricting your study time, you are really stepping-up the amount of knowledge your memory can take in. Keep track of your over all progress by creating weekly milestones, this will boost you as you learn, plus you can get the most of your free time while studying more efficaciously. Rather than skimming around and possibly neglecting a crucial area of study, you will address everything soundly.
It is a great idea prior to starting for you to create a chart depicting your targets, week by week. This can assist you in concentrating on day-to-day objectives however make certain not to drum too much work into each study sitting. You'll keep a lot more by focusing on one area at a time. As you are required to cover so a lot of things about so several different subject areas, it might be most beneficial to split up the subjects into different sections so you can understand. You can provide yourself with rewards after a hard secession.
Repeating is a beneficial method for hardening your fresh knowledge. By restating something to yourself over and over or by penning it to paper, you're working it in your brain and it will remain there for long time provided that you call to it from time to time.
It's most effective to practice repetition daily for a minimum of four weeks. If feasible, you need to do your continual mental exercise as you first rise in the mornings, since the mind is at its most open on waking up. Plus, unwinding in bed for a few minutes as you mentally echo what you would like to recall could be really nice and reward a confident mind-set toward your PMP exam!
Pick up a copy of the Project Management Book Of Knowledge, by reading through and highlighting the most significant parts, you will likely memorize almost as much information. You should then go back through the Project Management Book Of Knowledge in a more detailed fashion.
A next really crucial suggestion is everybody requires a break from their studies. Regardless if you love your studying, you need to take a day away out of each week to get entirely away from studying to perform other matters. It can be just a morning walk, spending some time with the family or even going to a movie, find something that really unwinds you up.
The first thing you will require is a detailed study program. Evaluate your every day responsibilities; several individuals commit months to their books and push aside the other things they must execute daily. Beguilement kicks in; catching-up gets boring and intervenes with your studies. List your regular schedule then designate a time for study, generally one to two hours. By setting up a program, you have made your study time for each day.
There are a lot of hurdles you can let your brain jump over prior to starting. By restricting your study time, you are really stepping-up the amount of knowledge your memory can take in. Keep track of your over all progress by creating weekly milestones, this will boost you as you learn, plus you can get the most of your free time while studying more efficaciously. Rather than skimming around and possibly neglecting a crucial area of study, you will address everything soundly.
It is a great idea prior to starting for you to create a chart depicting your targets, week by week. This can assist you in concentrating on day-to-day objectives however make certain not to drum too much work into each study sitting. You'll keep a lot more by focusing on one area at a time. As you are required to cover so a lot of things about so several different subject areas, it might be most beneficial to split up the subjects into different sections so you can understand. You can provide yourself with rewards after a hard secession.
Repeating is a beneficial method for hardening your fresh knowledge. By restating something to yourself over and over or by penning it to paper, you're working it in your brain and it will remain there for long time provided that you call to it from time to time.
It's most effective to practice repetition daily for a minimum of four weeks. If feasible, you need to do your continual mental exercise as you first rise in the mornings, since the mind is at its most open on waking up. Plus, unwinding in bed for a few minutes as you mentally echo what you would like to recall could be really nice and reward a confident mind-set toward your PMP exam!
Pick up a copy of the Project Management Book Of Knowledge, by reading through and highlighting the most significant parts, you will likely memorize almost as much information. You should then go back through the Project Management Book Of Knowledge in a more detailed fashion.
A next really crucial suggestion is everybody requires a break from their studies. Regardless if you love your studying, you need to take a day away out of each week to get entirely away from studying to perform other matters. It can be just a morning walk, spending some time with the family or even going to a movie, find something that really unwinds you up.
PMI exam certification tips
The PMP examination consists of two hundred (200) questions in six different sections. Social responsibility is the sixth portion, and normally comprises of about thirty questions. Every project management professional, has a big social obligation that is essential and needs to be carried out in order to preserve the integrity of the project management community. Social responsibility in project management includes the finishing up and closing of projects on time and reasonable and equal dealing with project members while adhering to the ethical project guidelines.
Individuals with a high school diploma; or its equivalent needs to have at least five years worth of project management experience or seven thousand five hundred hours of through leadership. These applicants are required to also take on a minimum of thirty-five hours of project management teaching. Others who have a Bachelor's degree or higher qualifications must show three years of project management experience or four thousand five hundred hours of directional leadership. A candidate who satisfies this requirement needs to also sit thirty-five hours of instructional training in project management.
When you have assembled your required experience information, you need to give in your initial program application along with your required payment. The PMI Institute will then examine your application, please make certain that all the information are correct and completed, plus they might also get in touch with your references to verify your professional experience. This process can take up to five business days.
In order to get prepare for the PMP exam, you need to study; study your Project Management Book Of Knowledge. Preparing for the PMP exam is just like preparing for any college level or equivalent exam. The most effective study technique for you is based on your studying style; there are a lot of choices available for study that is, five days of PMP preparation course, PMP podcasts, individual study, or even study groups. Find out what works for you and follow it. A lot of individuals will get in touch with the skills that helped them through college to sit the test.
After you have analyzed the material and you feel as if you have a full grasp of the project management theory, give yourself to a practice exam to examine how much of the material you have really taken in and what you need to work on further for the real PMP exam. Please note that you need to know as much information as you can from your PMBOK and you will need to spend about three to four months of studying prior to the real PMP exam date. You should attempt as much practice exams as you possibly can until you feel that you have learned as much as you can and is comfortably scoring eighty percent or more on your prep exams.
Get hold of the examination center and get details of your location where you will be sitting the exam, as well as the items required for the test. Remember to get a good night's sleep and show up early at the test center.
Individuals with a high school diploma; or its equivalent needs to have at least five years worth of project management experience or seven thousand five hundred hours of through leadership. These applicants are required to also take on a minimum of thirty-five hours of project management teaching. Others who have a Bachelor's degree or higher qualifications must show three years of project management experience or four thousand five hundred hours of directional leadership. A candidate who satisfies this requirement needs to also sit thirty-five hours of instructional training in project management.
When you have assembled your required experience information, you need to give in your initial program application along with your required payment. The PMI Institute will then examine your application, please make certain that all the information are correct and completed, plus they might also get in touch with your references to verify your professional experience. This process can take up to five business days.
In order to get prepare for the PMP exam, you need to study; study your Project Management Book Of Knowledge. Preparing for the PMP exam is just like preparing for any college level or equivalent exam. The most effective study technique for you is based on your studying style; there are a lot of choices available for study that is, five days of PMP preparation course, PMP podcasts, individual study, or even study groups. Find out what works for you and follow it. A lot of individuals will get in touch with the skills that helped them through college to sit the test.
After you have analyzed the material and you feel as if you have a full grasp of the project management theory, give yourself to a practice exam to examine how much of the material you have really taken in and what you need to work on further for the real PMP exam. Please note that you need to know as much information as you can from your PMBOK and you will need to spend about three to four months of studying prior to the real PMP exam date. You should attempt as much practice exams as you possibly can until you feel that you have learned as much as you can and is comfortably scoring eighty percent or more on your prep exams.
Get hold of the examination center and get details of your location where you will be sitting the exam, as well as the items required for the test. Remember to get a good night's sleep and show up early at the test center.
Certification Services
The Information technology is extremely dedicated and employees with exact certifications are in great demand. As the world of internet has grown in an incredible extent during the past two decades, the need for skilled professionals has also increased. With a huge number of attractive fields of study, professional certification can perk up your overall career outlook, providing you the leading edge for employment and promotions within your chosen career.
To accomplish in today's employment computational market, professional certifications not only help individuals to extra their education, but also helps to advance careers by contribution the up-to-date skills and training essential to succeed.
IT news and technical information pertaining to certification intelligence for exam training is the main idea of this article. Many people do not know the distinction between computer training and certification exam training. I feel like to inform every person what the differences are. Computer training is a training which is done by classroom with scheduled courses or online training about the career field providing to information technology.
Let me make clear! If you want to become a Server Administrator. To start on with it you will need some education somewhere in order to be knowledgeable about the specific subject and maybe obtain a two or four-year degree. You may just wish for to take a few courses and receive a certificate in this field. This would be considering computer training.Another point of this article is education relating to information technology certification. There are a number of colleges and online training institutes about IT that will organize you for a particular subject or field but there are but a not many places where you can find IT certification intelligence on exam training.
To accomplish in today's employment computational market, professional certifications not only help individuals to extra their education, but also helps to advance careers by contribution the up-to-date skills and training essential to succeed.
IT news and technical information pertaining to certification intelligence for exam training is the main idea of this article. Many people do not know the distinction between computer training and certification exam training. I feel like to inform every person what the differences are. Computer training is a training which is done by classroom with scheduled courses or online training about the career field providing to information technology.
Let me make clear! If you want to become a Server Administrator. To start on with it you will need some education somewhere in order to be knowledgeable about the specific subject and maybe obtain a two or four-year degree. You may just wish for to take a few courses and receive a certificate in this field. This would be considering computer training.Another point of this article is education relating to information technology certification. There are a number of colleges and online training institutes about IT that will organize you for a particular subject or field but there are but a not many places where you can find IT certification intelligence on exam training.
new question analysis for pmp exam time manangement
While the date to sit your PMP examination approaches, the pressure begins to increase. However rather than allowing that pressure to devour you, it is essential that you use it as an initiation to fuel you to read more about the matters that will assist you on the day of the PMP exam. There are numerous PMP examination preparedness tips that you could use so that you will be able to secure your dream job.
Preparing for PMP Exam with Online Courses
With the advanced settings available today, you are able to use the internet as reference of almost any kind of information. Therefore, it shouldn't be a surprise that there are various PMP exam courses accessible online for preparation. They operate the way just as any other form of techniques for preparation does. The only difference is that it is performed online. There are still some significant benefits for choosing this way of preparing for the PMP exam.
Managing your Time
You need to manage your time effectively. As preparing for a PMP exam could cost you handsomely for the entire package, this can put pressure on your finances. You may prefer to keep on working to finance your daily expenditure. This means that you must deal with your business life and your personal life, and it requires superior management skills to balance everything.
You'll need to set up study hours to learn the materials, whether you like to or not. Even though PMP exam online training allows flexibility, you are required to study and the do questions by yourself. It is just about crazy to be wasting your money if you are planning on failing.
Good time management signifies that you must have a great study plan. You need a timetable showing all your daily activities. Once more, time must not be blown away since you don't wish to waste your money.
Perseverance
You require a dynamic attitude towards your PMP exam training course, as well as a great attitude. You need to know that this examination will take actually four-hour. This will address numerous topics. Therefore if you don't have a great approach and follow your study, you might be kissing the program goodbye.
You need to learn about the five different area of expertise; you could memorize them, still, it is considerably different than the application. You are still required to explain them in order to be successful at the PMP exam. No matter what you are aspiring if it is for memory or application, persistency is really crucial to entirely understand project management and for passing PMP exam.
Preparing for PMP Exam with Online Courses
With the advanced settings available today, you are able to use the internet as reference of almost any kind of information. Therefore, it shouldn't be a surprise that there are various PMP exam courses accessible online for preparation. They operate the way just as any other form of techniques for preparation does. The only difference is that it is performed online. There are still some significant benefits for choosing this way of preparing for the PMP exam.
Managing your Time
You need to manage your time effectively. As preparing for a PMP exam could cost you handsomely for the entire package, this can put pressure on your finances. You may prefer to keep on working to finance your daily expenditure. This means that you must deal with your business life and your personal life, and it requires superior management skills to balance everything.
You'll need to set up study hours to learn the materials, whether you like to or not. Even though PMP exam online training allows flexibility, you are required to study and the do questions by yourself. It is just about crazy to be wasting your money if you are planning on failing.
Good time management signifies that you must have a great study plan. You need a timetable showing all your daily activities. Once more, time must not be blown away since you don't wish to waste your money.
Perseverance
You require a dynamic attitude towards your PMP exam training course, as well as a great attitude. You need to know that this examination will take actually four-hour. This will address numerous topics. Therefore if you don't have a great approach and follow your study, you might be kissing the program goodbye.
You need to learn about the five different area of expertise; you could memorize them, still, it is considerably different than the application. You are still required to explain them in order to be successful at the PMP exam. No matter what you are aspiring if it is for memory or application, persistency is really crucial to entirely understand project management and for passing PMP exam.
software testing
"The Fundamentals of Software Testing" is the first module of the ISEB Foundation course and examination syllabus. ISEB recommend that Foundation students spend 20% of their study time on the Fundamentals course section. "The Fundamentals of Software Testing" is also the title of the opening chapter in the official ISEB Software Testing manual.
Understanding the fundamentals of software testing is clearly crucial to achieving proficiency according to the ISEB professional standards. But what, precisely, are these "fundamentals" , and what do you need to know in order to pass the ISEB Foundation examination?
Why is testing necessary?
According to Peter Morgan (freelance testing practitioner and member of the ISEB Accreditation and Examination panel), an unnecessarily high proportion of IT systems fail to fulfil expectations - or fail to work at all - because of insufficient software testing prior to release.
Software testing cannot guarantee against software problems or even failure, but it can minimise the risk of faults developing once the software is in use. In order to understand why software testing is necessary, it is important to consider the causes and impact of IT systems failure, and the crucial role that testing plays in Quality Assurance.
The ISEB Foundation training-courses focus on five learning requirements:
• The potential impact of an IT systems failure;
• Causes/effects of software failure;
• Why testing is necessary;
• Testing versus Quality Assurance;
• Basic industry terminology.
What is testing?
Software Testing is a method of identifying faults in the product before it is released; this includes defects in the software code and its execution, as well as any potential gap between what the code is supposed to do and what it actually does.
The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to:
• Know the basic objectives of testing;
• Understand how these testing objectives apply in the context of creating, using and supporting software (including the difference between testing and 'debugging', and the different uses of static testing and dynamic testing).
General testing principles
The ISEB courses introduce students to 7 software testing principles:
• Testing can show that problems exist, but not that problems do not exist.
• Testing covers a limited range of sample situations, and is not comprehensive.
• The earlier a problem is found, the less it costs to fix.
• Defects will tend to cluster around specific areas (e.g. system complexity, or staff inexperience). These areas can be particularly targeted by testers.
• A set of tests, run repeatedly, will have diminishing effect.
• The type, design and focus of testing will vary according to the software tested.
• A test that does not reveal errors does not prove that the software is error-free.
Fundamental test process
Software testing is not simply a case of reviewing documentation or running a software program to check for bugs. To ensure that the appropriate tests are operated effectively and return value on the invested resources, it is crucial that software testers carry out five basic activities, which the ISEB Software Testing guidance links to form a software testing process:
1. Test planning and control
a. Test planning defines what will be tested, how it will be tested, and who we will know when the testing is complete.
b. Test control is an iterative activity that compares the progress against the plan, and adjusts the plan as required.
2. Test analysis and design
a. Test analysis considers the specific conditions to be tested, and how these test conditions are to be combined into test cases.
b. Test design describes the expected outcome of the test, so that testers can easily recognise when a fault has occurred.
3. Test implementation and execution
Execution represents the most visible testing activity, and encompasses setting up the tests, generating test data, logging test activities and analyzing the test results.
4. Evaluating exit criteria and reporting
The test "exit criteria" (established during "Test planning and control") indicate that testing is complete.
5. Test closure activities
• Ensure that all documentation has been correctly completed
• Close down and archive the test environment, infrastructure and testware
• Hand over testware to maintenance team
• Log lessons learned
The psychology of testing
Selecting the appropriate individual(s) to perform the tests, and communicating the results of the tests to the developers, requires a basic understanding of the psychology of testers and developers.
The ISEB guidance provides a hierarchy of 'independence' - that is, a list of individuals who could potentially test the software, gradated according to their perceived level of detachment from the development process:
• The authors of the code
• Members of the same development team as the authors of the code
• A different group within the same organization
• A different organization
There are varying advantages and disadvantages to individuals at different levels in the hierarchy performing the software tests. For example, the developer might be able to resolve a difficulty more quickly, but might be also be less likely to spot the difficulties in the first place.
In addition to the independence/detachment of the testers from the software development process, it is important to consider how testers can communicate the results of the test to the developers. The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to explain strategies for providing courteous feedback on defects, for example:
• Focus on delivering quality, rather than pointing out mistakes;
• Test reports are not directed towards people but towards products;
• Discuss problems openly, and attempt mutual understanding;
• At the end of a discussion, confirm that both parties understand what has been agreed.
Understanding the fundamentals of software testing is clearly crucial to achieving proficiency according to the ISEB professional standards. But what, precisely, are these "fundamentals" , and what do you need to know in order to pass the ISEB Foundation examination?
Why is testing necessary?
According to Peter Morgan (freelance testing practitioner and member of the ISEB Accreditation and Examination panel), an unnecessarily high proportion of IT systems fail to fulfil expectations - or fail to work at all - because of insufficient software testing prior to release.
Software testing cannot guarantee against software problems or even failure, but it can minimise the risk of faults developing once the software is in use. In order to understand why software testing is necessary, it is important to consider the causes and impact of IT systems failure, and the crucial role that testing plays in Quality Assurance.
The ISEB Foundation training-courses focus on five learning requirements:
• The potential impact of an IT systems failure;
• Causes/effects of software failure;
• Why testing is necessary;
• Testing versus Quality Assurance;
• Basic industry terminology.
What is testing?
Software Testing is a method of identifying faults in the product before it is released; this includes defects in the software code and its execution, as well as any potential gap between what the code is supposed to do and what it actually does.
The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to:
• Know the basic objectives of testing;
• Understand how these testing objectives apply in the context of creating, using and supporting software (including the difference between testing and 'debugging', and the different uses of static testing and dynamic testing).
General testing principles
The ISEB courses introduce students to 7 software testing principles:
• Testing can show that problems exist, but not that problems do not exist.
• Testing covers a limited range of sample situations, and is not comprehensive.
• The earlier a problem is found, the less it costs to fix.
• Defects will tend to cluster around specific areas (e.g. system complexity, or staff inexperience). These areas can be particularly targeted by testers.
• A set of tests, run repeatedly, will have diminishing effect.
• The type, design and focus of testing will vary according to the software tested.
• A test that does not reveal errors does not prove that the software is error-free.
Fundamental test process
Software testing is not simply a case of reviewing documentation or running a software program to check for bugs. To ensure that the appropriate tests are operated effectively and return value on the invested resources, it is crucial that software testers carry out five basic activities, which the ISEB Software Testing guidance links to form a software testing process:
1. Test planning and control
a. Test planning defines what will be tested, how it will be tested, and who we will know when the testing is complete.
b. Test control is an iterative activity that compares the progress against the plan, and adjusts the plan as required.
2. Test analysis and design
a. Test analysis considers the specific conditions to be tested, and how these test conditions are to be combined into test cases.
b. Test design describes the expected outcome of the test, so that testers can easily recognise when a fault has occurred.
3. Test implementation and execution
Execution represents the most visible testing activity, and encompasses setting up the tests, generating test data, logging test activities and analyzing the test results.
4. Evaluating exit criteria and reporting
The test "exit criteria" (established during "Test planning and control") indicate that testing is complete.
5. Test closure activities
• Ensure that all documentation has been correctly completed
• Close down and archive the test environment, infrastructure and testware
• Hand over testware to maintenance team
• Log lessons learned
The psychology of testing
Selecting the appropriate individual(s) to perform the tests, and communicating the results of the tests to the developers, requires a basic understanding of the psychology of testers and developers.
The ISEB guidance provides a hierarchy of 'independence' - that is, a list of individuals who could potentially test the software, gradated according to their perceived level of detachment from the development process:
• The authors of the code
• Members of the same development team as the authors of the code
• A different group within the same organization
• A different organization
There are varying advantages and disadvantages to individuals at different levels in the hierarchy performing the software tests. For example, the developer might be able to resolve a difficulty more quickly, but might be also be less likely to spot the difficulties in the first place.
In addition to the independence/detachment of the testers from the software development process, it is important to consider how testers can communicate the results of the test to the developers. The ISEB Software Testing Foundation exam requires students to explain strategies for providing courteous feedback on defects, for example:
• Focus on delivering quality, rather than pointing out mistakes;
• Test reports are not directed towards people but towards products;
• Discuss problems openly, and attempt mutual understanding;
• At the end of a discussion, confirm that both parties understand what has been agreed.
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